Uri Rubin, “Pre-Existence and Light—Aspects of the Concept of Nūr Muḥammad”, Israel Oriental Studies 5 (1975), 62–119 [Reprinted in: Uri Rubin, Muhammad the Prophet and Arabia, Variorum Collected Studies Series (Ashgate, 2011), no. IV]. Table of Contents 00. Introduction ...................................................................................................62 0.1 Light as a symbol of Muḥammad’s prophecy ..................................62 0.2 Light as a symbol of the Islamic domain .........................................64 0.3 Muḥammad’s light foreseen in dreams ...........................................64 0.4 The Shīʿī imāms as light .................................................................. 65 1. The primordial substance of Muḥammad .......................................................67 1.1 God’s pact with Adam’s descendants (Q 7:172) .............................67 1.2 God’s pact with the prophets (Q 33:7) .............................................68 1.3 Muḥammad’s pure pedigree ............................................................71 1.4 Pure matrimony of Muḥammad’s mothers ......................................73 1.5 Muḥammad’s progenitors as Muslims ............................................74 1.6 Biblical patriarchs as Muslims (umma wāḥida, Q 2:213) ................78 1.7 Yemeni patriarchs as Muslims ........................................................79 1.8 Muḥammad’s taqallub through his ancestors (Q 26:219) .............. 80 1.9 Prophets and legatees (awṣiyāʾ) .....................................................81 2. The substance of Muḥammad as light ...........................................................83 2.1 Muḥammad’s light in his father’s body ............................................83 1 2.2 Muḥammad’s light in his mother’s body ..........................................86 2.3 Āmina’s vision of light ......................................................................87 2.4 Muḥammad’s light at his birth ..........................................................88 2.5 Muḥammad’s light in early poetry (al-ʿAbbās; Kumayt) .................. 89 2.6 The evidence of Ithbāt al-waṣiyya and al-Khargūshī .......................91 2.6.1 Muḥammad’s light with his grandfather ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ..............94 2.6.2 The preordained course of Muḥammad’s light (Kedar) ................95 2.6.3 Muḥammad’s light and the creation of Adam ...............................96 2.7 The Shīʿī perspective: Abū Ṭālib, ʿAlī and Ahl al-Bayt .................... 98 2.8 Fāṭima and Muḥammad’s light ..................................................... 102 2.9 Quraysh and Muḥammad’s light ................................................... 102 2.10 The beginning of Muḥammad’s light of prophethood ................. 103 3. Spiritual pre-existence ................................................................................. 104 3.1 The pre-existent spirits of Muḥammad and the imāms ................ 104 3.2 The pre-existence of their names ................................................. 105 3.3 The divine light and the waṣiyya of the Shīʿī imāms ..................... 107 3.4 The divine light and the Ismāʿīliyya and others............................. 108 3.5 Corporeal and spiritual light .......................................................... 109 4. Creative light ................................................................................................ 112 4.1 The imāms as incarnations of the divine light .............................. 112 2 4.2 Abū Bakr, ʿUmar, and others ........................................................ 113 4.3 Superiority of Muḥammad’s and ʿAlī’s light ................................... 114 4.4 Khargūshī’s tradition of the veils (ḥujub) ...................................... 116 Abbreviations ................................................................................................... 118 3 , ", , , i." , . ISRAEL. \., f '. !, f ORIENTAL ~. I::.. ' STUDIES V, 1975 TEL A VIV U'NIVERSITY Pre-existence and light * Aspects of the concept of Nitr Muhammad U. RUBIN INTRODUCTION 0.1 Light is one of the most prevalent representations of Muhammad's prophetic Light as a mission. It serves, to begin with, as a major motive in severallegenda.ry tradi- symbol of Muham- tions about his luminous body. "Whenever he went in darkness",-- says a mad’s tradition - "light was shining around him like the moonlight"'!Dark houses prophecy were lit by his brightness, says another tradition.z 'A'isha, who lost her needle while sewing at dawn, found it easily by the light of the prophet who had entered the house.i The miracle of Moses who drew out his hand in front of Pharaoh and it was white (Qur'an, vii 108, xx 22, xxvi 33, xxvii 12, xxviii 32), is frequently compared with what is regarded as a greater miracle of Muhammad, namely that when he sat down light was shining on his right and left. All people saw this light, and it was believed to be glowing on his grave till the day of resurrection+ Muhammad's irradiant face served for encouraging the believers in their hard battles. At Hunayn, while standing in the darkness, Muhammad turned his face toward the Muslims, and it shone like a full moon.s Whenever he was standing in sunshine or moonlight, * This article is extracted from my thesis based on a hitherto unpublished manuscript of the Kitiib Sharaf al-Mustafd, written by Abu Sa'd al-Khargushi (d. 406; see GAS, I, 670-671) on which I have been working since 1973, at the faculty of humanities, Tel Aviv University. I was permitted and encouraged to publish this article by my supervisor,Prof. M. J. Kister, Jerusalem, who has thoroughly guided and helped me along all the stages of my work.To him I owe a great deal of my knowledge and understanding in this field. 1 Ibn Shahrashub, I, 167: kana idha yamshi fi laylatin zalma' bada lahu niirun ka-annahu qamar. Cf. also Bukharl, IV, 229: ... idhii surra 'staniira wajhuhu l;zattii ka-annahu qit'atu qamar. 2 Khargushl, 80a: wa-ruwiya anna min niiri l-nabiyyi ($) arjii'a l-bay tu l-muzlim. 3 Ibid, 80a-80b; Suyutl, 1,156; Ibn Shahrashfib, 1,107. 4 Khargushl, 93b; Ibn Shahrashub, I, 188; Ibn Kathir, 537. Cf. also AM Nu'aym, Hilya, Ill, 209, 210. The comparison (muwiiziit) between Muhammad's miracles and those of the preceding prophets is most frequent in sources dealing with Muhammad's prophetic merits. See e.g. Khargushi, 90b ff.; Ibn Kathlr, 497 ff.; Ibn al-Jawzt, 360 ff.; Suyuti, HI, 110 ff.; Ibn Shahrashiib, I, 183 ff. c, 5 Ibn Shahrashub, I, 181. 62 Pre-existence and light I or near a lamp, his light outshone them.e According to some traditions, Muhammad's fingers were an exclusive source of light. On dark nights they used to shine for Muhammad and his companions." His forefinger; more lucent than the sun and the moon, lightened the way for al-Hasan and al- Husayn, whenever they were approaching his house or leaving it.s Yet, serving as an exalted symbol of Muhammad's prophethood, the light is sometimes conceived as being seen by selected people on special occasions only. Hallma, his wet nurse, was one of them.When she first took little Muhammad in her arms, he opened his eyes and they beamed.? When Abii Talib once looked at Muhammad without being noticed, while the latter was absorbed in prayer, he saw a ray of light emerging from his head, reaching heaven.U' Bal;1irathe monk, who saw the boy Muhammad on his way to Syria with some Qurashl merchants, said to them: "I see what you are not able to see... I have seen on him (i.e. on Muhammad) when he approached, light going ahead of him, shining between heaven and earth. 11 The representation of Muhammad's prophetic emergence as light, is illus- trated, in its pure metaphorical sense, through traditions to the effect that "light" serves as Muhammad's name.Thus, some interpretations of Qur'an v 15 (qad jd'akum niirun mina lliihi) maintain that the word niir mentioned in it stands for the prophet.t- Already some of his contemporary poets used to describe the prophet as a light guiding the believers. Among them we find Hassan h. Thabit,13 Ka'b b.Zuhayr.I+ and 'Abdallah h. al-Ziba'ra.U Similarly, some traditions maintain that Muhammad's name - "moon of the moons" - was inscribed upon the moon, whereas another name of his - "light of lights" - was written on the sun. 16 Likewise, Allah revealed to Muhammad: 6 Ibid, I, 107: wa-kdna idhii waqafa fi-l-shamsi wa-l-qamari wa-l-misbdhi niiruhu yaghlibu anwdrahd. 7 Loc. cif. 8 Ibid, I, 188-189. 9 Ibid, 1,32; Bihar, XV, 232; Simt, I, 262; KhargiishI, 35b; zorcanr, I, 143. 10 Ibn Shahriishiib, I, 35; Bibiir, XV, 336. 11 Ibn Shahrashub, I, 37: innt la-ara mala tarawna... wa-la-qad ra'aytu lahu, wa-qad aqbala, niiran md bayna l-samd'i wa-l-ardi. 12 Tabarl, Tafsir, IV, 104; Ibn Shahrashub, I, 198. Cf. also Zurqani, III, 149. 13 Ibn Hisham, VI, 320: niiran at!a'a l-bariyyata kullahii / man yuhdd li-l-niiri l-mubdraki yahtadi, and see also Khargtishl, 125a; Suyutt,I, 368: yad'ii ilii niirin lahu siiii'in. 14 Ka'b b. Zuhayr, 23 tBdnat Su'M): inna l-rasida la-sayfun yustadd'u bihi. 15 Isti'iib, Ill, 904: wa-"alayka min simati l-maliki "aldmatun / niirun "a'azzu wa-khdtamun makhtiimii, and see also ibid, 902, last line; compare Goldziher, p. 328 note 1, 2. 16 Ibn Shahrashub, I, 132: ... wa-'ala l-qamari: qamaru l-aqmdr, wa-'ala l-shamsi: naru l-anwari. 63 U. Rubin "You are My light among My servants, My messenger to My creatures, and My hujja upon thern".t? 0.2 Light serves also as a symbol of the prospective expansion of the Islamic Light as a faith.