The information provided and the opinions given in this publication are not necessarily those of the World Water Council, and should not be acted upon without independent consideration and professional advice. The World Water Council will not accept responsibility for any loss or damage suffered by any person acting or refraining from acting upon any material contained in this publication. This publication has been made possible by funding from the World Water Council Published by: World Water Council Copyright © 2003 World Water Council; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Department of Regional and Transboundary Waters, General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works; Southeastern Anatolia Project, Regional Development Administration, Republic of Turkey. Reproduction of this publication for educational or other noncommercial purposes is authorized without prior permission from the copyright holder. Reproduction for sale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. ISBN: 92-95017-06-4 Ministry of Foreign Affairs Department of Regional and Transboundary Waters Balgat 06100 Ankara TURKEY www.mfa.gov.tr General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works Yucetepe 06100-Ankara TURKEY www.dsi.gov.tr Southeastern Anatolia Project Regional Development Administration Cankaya 06680 Ankara TURKEY www.gap.gov.tr About the cover: Marbled paper, called ebru in Turkish, was used extensively in the binding of books and within the calligraphic panels in Turkey. In the Renaissance period, book lovers in Europe prized ebru, which came to be known as “Turkish paper”. Early texts such as the Discourse on Decorating Paper in the Turkish Manner, published in 1664 by Athanisus Kircher in Rome, helped to disseminate appreciation for this art. A child’s vision of the Southeastern Anatolia Project. Untitled painting by Alev Akin, Siirt (4th grade) National First Prize, 1995 GAP Children’s Art Competition, Painting Division TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND ON TURKEY ................................................................................... 4 1. Administrative Framework.......................................................................................................... 4 2. Population Characteristics ........................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Population ............................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Population Density & Urbanization........................................................................................ 5 3. Education ..................................................................................................................................... 6 4. Economy...................................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 2: WATER AND LAND RESOURCES ........................................................................... 8 1. Water Resources .......................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Climate.................................................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Surface Water........................................................................................................................ 11 1.3 Groundwater ......................................................................................................................... 13 2. Land Resources.......................................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 3: WATER MANAGEMENT AND ALLOCATION.................................................... 16 1. Legal Framework....................................................................................................................... 16 1.1 Water Resources According to the Constitution of the Republic ......................................... 16 1.2. Principal Laws in the Water Sector in Turkey..................................................................... 17 2. Institutional Framework............................................................................................................. 19 2.1 National Policies ................................................................................................................... 19 2.2 Technical Instıtutions............................................................................................................ 20 2.3 Monitoring-Supervising Organizations................................................................................. 24 2.4 Local Governments............................................................................................................... 25 2.5 Non Governmental Organizations ........................................................................................ 26 3. Domestic Water Use .................................................................................................................. 27 3.1 Domestic Water Supply Projects .......................................................................................... 28 3.2 Urban Water Management.................................................................................................... 30 3.3 Participation Shares of Expenditures of Urban Services ...................................................... 32 3.4 Industrial Water Use ............................................................................................................. 33 4. Agricultural Water Use and Irrigation ....................................................................................... 34 4.1 Land resources and the agriculture sector in Turkey ............................................................ 34 4.2 Agriculture sector in Turkish economy ................................................................................ 35 4.3 Water for Agriculture............................................................................................................ 38 5. Roles of Dams and Reservoirs................................................................................................... 44 6. Renewable Energy – Hydropower............................................................................................. 47 6.1 Energy and Development......................................................................................................47 6.2 Turkey’s Energy Policy ........................................................................................................ 48 6.3 Institutional and Legal Framework....................................................................................... 49 6.4 Investment and Financing Needs in Energy Sector ............................................................. 53 6.5 Hydroelectric Energy Generation ......................................................................................... 54 7. Integrated Water Resources Management ................................................................................. 56 8. Finance....................................................................................................................................... 58 9. Investment Models for Hydraulic Plants ................................................................................... 60 9.1 Externally Funded Projects ................................................................................................... 60 10. Valuing Water.......................................................................................................................... 61 10.1 Water Pricing in Turkey...................................................................................................... 61 11. International Activities ............................................................................................................ 68 11.1 Remote Sensing and GIS Applications............................................................................... 71 12. Transboundary Water issues.................................................................................................... 72 12.1 The Euphrates and Tigris Rivers......................................................................................... 72 12.2 Turkey’s Water Management in a Transboundary Context................................................ 72 12.3 The UN Convention on the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses .......... 74 CHAPTER 4: WATER AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT................................................... 77 1. Sustainable Development .......................................................................................................... 77 2. Provision of Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation...................................................................... 78 3. Water for Food, Poverty Alleviation and Rural Development .................................................. 84 4. Participatory Irrigation Management......................................................................................... 85 5. Public Participation through EIA Process.................................................................................. 88 6. Water and Health ......................................................................................................................