st SCIENCE21 CENTURY & TECHNOLOGY Vol. 10, No.3 Fall 1997 Features 26 Was Darwin an Evolutionist or, Just a Social Reformer? Dina de Pa oli The continuing evolution of man depends on the cultivation of his inborn light-creative cognition-not Darwin's Malthusian "survival of the fittest." 46 Space less-Timeless Boundaries in Leibniz by Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr. The Platonic notion of a self-bounded domain is the center of work fo unding modern experimental physics, and the central feature of economist LaRouche's own work on the subjects of cognition, evolution, and the physical-economic notion of "anti-entropy." 64 Interview with Charles P. Vick: Why the Soviets Never Beat the u.S. to the Moon An expert on the Soviet space program discusses how recently declassified material confirms his painstaking discoveries over decades about why the Soviet Union was unable to win the space race. News SPECIAL REPORT 10 China Is Going Nuclear! 11 Interview with Dr. Ronald L. Simard : China's Nuclear Program Has Tremendous Potential for the U.S. NUCLEAR REPORT Stuart Lewis 16 The Hazards of U.S. Policy on Low-level Radiation Students today must relive the process of 23 Radiation Research: How the Data Were Suppressed and Misrepresented discovery of new physical principles made by past discoverers , and learn the SPACE method fo r making valid new discover­ 78 Pathfinder Discovers a New Mars ies of principle, as LaRouche discusses ENVIRONMENT (p . 46). Here, a model of Ampere's Sec­ 80 Fight for the Fast Breeder Takes Offin France ond Equilibrium Experiment, con­ ASTRONOMY REPORT structed by Bob Bowen fo r the Schiller 83 Remembering Clyde Tombaugh Institute. BIOLOGY & MEDICINE 86 Intact Tissue Structure Acts As Tumor Suppressor in Breast Cancer PEDAGOGY 89 Leonardo fo r Young Scientists: Light: 'That Which Most Elevates the Mind' On the cover: A view of the Mir, taken from Departments the Space Shuttle Atlaniis, just before dock­ ing, in July 1995. Photo courtesy of IMAX 2 EDITORIAL 5 THE LIGHTNING 8 NEWS BRIEFS Corp'/Lockheed Martin; Sputnik image cour­ 4 LETTERS ROD 93 BOOKS tesy of RSC Energia, Korolev, Russia. 6 VIEWPOINT Cover design by Rosemary Moak. EDITORIAL PUT MAN IN SPACE! The Extraterrestrial Imperative. he fact that millions of people around the idea that such exploration is not an Tthe world have been watching the arbitrary activity for mankind, but a nec­ Mars Pathfinder mission, which began essary one. "If God had wanted man to on July 4, with great interest and excite­ explore space, He would have given him ment, should not be a big surprise to a Moon," Ehricke often stated in his writ­ close observers of the human spirit. ings and public presentations. Throughout the last 20 years, while Ehricke's life's work, which is �ot as the media and Hollywood have worked widely known as it should be (he died in tirelessly to replace enthusiasm for space 1984), is a technological and philosoph­ exploration with stories about aliens, be­ ical treasure that needs to be brought ing stranded in space, or the prevalence back to life, especially now. (A memoir of UFOs, 10 mi II ion people a year have on Ehricke appears in 21st Ce ntury Win­ been visiting the National Air and Space ter 1994-1995, p. 32.) Museum in Washington, learning about Ehricke: No limits to Creativity man's conquest of the skies and of space. Before a rapt audience in New York The Pathfinder lander sitting on Mars, City in November 1981, Ehricke de­ with its diminutive companion, So­ scribed how the Earth's biosphere has journer, roving about the landing site, re­ faced two great crises during its evolu­ minds Americans, that as difficult as a tion. These were overcome, he said, task might seem, it can be accomplished. through the development of photosyn­ There are whole new worlds to explore, thesis, the ability of a plant to produce its about which we know relatively little. own "resources," and the subsequent There is enough exploring to do in space development of multi-celled life that to keep the next hundred generations of could make use of the new oxygen at­ humans busy. mosphere that had been created by the We also have well-thought-out plans plants. In each crisis, he said, "Iife had for how to accomplish such exploration only three choices: Give up and perish, and colonization. Economist Lyndon regress to a minimal state of existence, LaRouche, for example, has described in or advance and grow." detail a Great Project to establish a sci­ It was very clear to Ehricke that the ence-city on Mars in the next 40 years human race is now faced with those (see 21 st Century, Winter 1996-1 997, p. same three choices. He showed, in 16). As he notes, this would create graphic form, that the alternative of a skilled jobs and an economic recovery; no-growth policy would lead to the but its greatest benefit wou Id be the kinds of catastrophic convulsions we are beauty of discovering the ideas that experiencing today: "geopolitical power make such a program possible, and politics, wars over natural resources, which is the true inspiration of entire waves of epidemics, death-oriented peoples. popu lation stabi I ization, extreme In the same spirit, space scientist Krafft poverty," and real ecological crises. In Ehricke, 25 years ago, coined the term 1982, he wrote: "In 1979, of all things "extraterrestrial imperative," to convey in the Year of the Child of the United 2 Fall 1997 21 st CENTURY EDITORIAL Nations, there were 12 million children to the well-understood laws of nature." we have the intelligence and the means who did not reach their first birthday . Looking at the future from the stand­ to gain partial independence from our That's 50 percent more than all battle point of the past, Ehricke observed that planet." deaths in World War I, in fo ur years. "it is an extraordinary fact that we find On to the Moon; and Mars And that is an outrage to a species that ourselves at one of the very rare nodal Krafft Ehricke spent 20 years proving calls itself civilized." points in an evolutionary history, in in exquisite detail, that man indeed does By the 1960s, the concept of "growth" which the confluence of patient, negen­ have the "intelligence and the means" to was being challenged by a melange of tropic processes of eons accumulates a begin the creation of a new civilization so-called environmentalists and Malthu­ tremendous growth thrust potential on Earth's nearest neighbor, the Moon. sian zero growthers. Ehricke developed whose acceptance and discharge will From there, the next target is the most the concept of the extraterrestrial imper­ creatively play itself out over another Earth-like planet in the Sun's convoy, ative to confront head-on this attack on eonic period." This thrust will be toward traversing the ocean of space: Mars. the unique nature of man. an Earth-based system, that is no longer After we have gathered first-hand The central concept Ehricke developed closed. knowledge about how to live in space is "the distinction be- on the International tween multiplication and Space Station, we will growth." In contrast to be well-positioned to the Limits to Growth return to the Moon and comparison of man's set up shop there, fo r growth to the "mindless scientific observation, and senseless multiplica­ and to learn how to tion of lillies in a pond" "live off the land," us­ (or today, Prince Philip's ing the resources on the comparison ofthe growth Moon with revolution­ of population to cancer), ary new technology de­ Ehricke stated in a 1982 veloped on Earth, to es­ article, "Growth, in con­ tablish cities and a new trast to multiplication, is civilization. the increase in knowl­ It is only natural that edge, in wisdom, in the the expectation of most capacity to grow in new of those who have fol­ ways." As far as "I imits" lowed the extraord i­ go, Ehricke pointed out nary Pathfinder mis­ that the Malthusians, who sion, is that after a never consider space ex­ series of necessary pre­ ploration as a domain of cursor missions there man's activity, 'see 'the wi" be a program in Earth as a closed system. place to send people to "I don't," he said. "Hu­ Mars. At the present manity's action world is time, there is no such no more closed than it is plan in place. There are flat." Man is not the pol­ some promoting a "get­ luter of the Earth, but the rich-quick" manned "naysayers" are "the pol­ Mars mission, to go as luters of our future." Countering the anti-science descrip­ soon as possible, regardless of the dan­ In a 1973 article about his mentor, tion of the view of the Earth as seen by ger to the crew or the limited science Hermann Oberth, Ehricke wrote, "For the Apollo astronauts on thei r way to and technological development that me, the development of the idea of space the Moon, as a "fragile" globe that would result. travel was always the most logical and mankind is destroying, Ehricke wrote, Four months after he took office, Pres­ most noble consequence of the Renais­ "Earth is not merely a spaceship. It is a ident John F. Kennedy announced the sance ideal, which again placed man in member of the Sun's convoy traversing Apollo program, in May 1961 , which an organic and active relationship with the vast ocean of our Milky Way galaxy.