a few species can move on sommer-sault fashion like fw hydra Phylum Entoprocta most form “hydroid-like” colonies with individual 150 sp zooids tiny (<5mm), sessile stalked animals; solitary or each zooid has a muscular attachment disc with colonial adhesive glands colonial forms superficially resembles hydroid a stalk arises from attachment disc colonies ends in cup shaped calyx with crown of 8-30 ciliated all but one genus are brackish or marine tentacles range from poles to tropics tentacles are muscular and tend to roll inward mainly in coastal, more brackish waters Body Wall a few are commensal on sandworms outer layer of epidermis contains sensory pits and cilia 1 freshwater genus = Urnatella uncertain relationships to other animal phyla epidermis secretes cuticle superficially resemble cnidarian hydroid colonies longitudinal muscle layer in body wall but tentacles are ciliated also superficially resemble bryozoa (ectoprocts) body cavity a pseudocoelom some consider them acoelomates since body cavity is filled with largely filled with gelatinous parenchyma gelationous material Body Form body cavity extends into tentacles and stalk almost all species are sessile Feeding & Digestion Animals: Phylum Entoprocta; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2009 1 Animals: Phylum Entoprocta; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2009 2 filter feeders: cilia on tentacles create water currents Reproduction to draw in food asexual by budding have a complete U-shaped digestive tract lined with cilia sexual mouth and anus are within a ring of tentacles some are monoecious, some dioecious Nervous System some protandric single large ganglion between stomach and oral produce testes 1st to make sperm surface then ovaries to make eggs nerves extend from ganglion to calyx, tentacles, stalk and sensory structures fertilized eggs develop in brood pouch sensory bristles and pits on body surface develops into ciliated larvae somewhat like trochophore larvae of molluscs and annelids Respiration larva eventually settles and attaches to become no distinct respiratory or circulatory system sessile adult respiration primarily through epidermis, especially in Symbioses tentacles sometimes found living on sponges or in tubes of Excretion sand worms protonephridia with flame bulbs embedded in à increases filtration for food parenchyma drain into ducts opening to surface Animals: Phylum Entoprocta; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2009 3 Animals: Phylum Entoprocta; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2009 4 .