“Many Geniuses Coming Together...” by Bill DeLoach “Many Geniuses Coming coming together and in rapid succession are required. This is why great epochs are so rare— why the sudden Together…”: Placing William bloom of a Greece, an early Rome, a Renaissance, is such a mystery. Blow must follow blow so fast that no James in Context cooling can occur in the intervals. Then the mass of the nation grows incandescent, and may continue to by Bill DeLoach glow by pure inertia long after the originators of its internal movement have passed away” (Will to Believe When you’re trying to study a thing—photon, 242-243, cited hereinafter as WB). His conclusion, in atom, finch, or person—one of the more useful ques- short, was that the same kind of dynamics that help to tions you can ask is: Does this thing participate in any account for the interactions over time between finches larger systems? What else is going on with this thing, and the environments of the Galapagos Islands can beyond what I see in front of me this instant? I may also account for the interactions between “Great Men seem to have a solitary item, but others may know and their Environment.” As he said, in two now-famous where it was earlier, or whether it has kinfolk or con- sentences: “The community stagnates without the nections of some kind. impulse of the individual. The impulse dies away with- out the sympathy of the community” (WB 232). 1705 • In 1705 Edmond Halley, using an insight of his friend Isaac Newton — “All paths in the heavens • • • are conic sections”—redescribed a bright spot in the night sky as not random, not a solitary item at all, but a We 21st Century folk can say with hindsight: recurrence of an event we now call Halley’s Comet. “Well, it takes one to know one.” That is, not only was William James an historical observer of great epochs 1836 • Charles Darwin, when he carried some like Ancient Greece or the Renaissance; he was also a bird specimens from the Galapagos back to England, very active participant in just such a group himself. discovered that they were called finches. He also dis- Now we all know that prophets are without honor in covered that his finches did indeed participate in a their own countries—and that has certainly been the larger system—what today’s researchers call a dynam- case with the six Classic American Philosophers. ical system, or a complex adaptive system. One could Maybe that’s why it took a relative outsider to the say that Darwin spent the rest of his life trying to spell United States and to Harvard, the transplanted British out the nature and functions of such a system. By now mathematician (by training) and metaphysician (by we can safely say that all the king’s horses and all the inclination) Alfred North Whitehead, to give the best king’s men (so to speak) who followed Darwin in this early hint as to the existence, in America, of philoso- endeavor still have not finished this task. Not that the phers fit to stand beside the greats of the past. Riddle of Evolution was entirely insoluble—quite the contrary. But there was a sort of domino effect, so that 1936 • In a letter written just before his 75th as partial solutions began to unfold, their ramifications birthday, Whitehead predicts that “…in the oncoming began to spread (that is, to be discussed by Darwin- generation, America will be the centre of worthwhile aware thinkers) through adjacent realities; until it was philosophy.” Then he adds: hard to be sure just where the ripples would stop, or when the unfolding would end. My belief is that the effective founders of the Amer- ican Renaissance are Charles Peirce and William 1880 • In 1880, one such worker in the Darwin- James. Of these men, W.J. is the analogue to Plato, and ian vineyard spoke to the Harvard Natural History C.P. to Aristotle, though the time-order does not corre- Society. He was a young (38) writer and professor spond, and the analogy must not be pressed too far named William James. He was interested not in (Lowe, Vol. II, 345). finches nor in comets, but in a certain subset of humans: Great Thinkers. In his talk on “Great Men The “American Renaissance” in philosophy that and their Environment,” he wondered not only about Whitehead refers to was spelled out in more detail (A) Why do they occur at all?, but also about the some fourteen years later in Max H. Fisch’s anthology, related question: (B) Why do they seem to arrive in Classic American Philosophers: groups, in bunches? 1951 • “It is increasingly apparent that American “Sporadic great men come everywhere,” said philosophy has had its classical period, corresponding James. “But for a community to get vibrating through to the Greek classical period from Democritus through and through with intensely active life, many geniuses Aristotle, the medieval Christian from Abelard through Streams of William James • Volume 2 • Issue 3 • Fall 2000 Page 16 “Many Geniuses Coming Together...” by Bill DeLoach Thomas Aquinas and Duns Scotus, the British from who nonetheless served as William James Lecturer in Bacon through Hume, [from Descartes through Leib- 1931, when he “was briefly a colleague of Whitehead, nitz on the continent at about the same time,] the Ger- and delivered at Harvard the lectures from which his man from Kant through Hegel. Art as Experience grew”) (2). Fisch also discusses the Johns Hopkins connection for four of his six, and “Our classical period began just after our Civil War makes note of “numerous cross-fertilizations” among and ended just before the Second World War. Its canon the group (5). “Our classic period had also the continu- is already nearly fixed. It includes six philosophers. ity and the specious unity of… a long lifetime,” says They are Charles Sanders Peirce [1839-1914], William Fisch. “Not only were all its major figures born before James [1842-1910], Josiah Royce [1855-1916], George the period began [in 1868]… but two are still living and Santayana [1863-1952], John Dewey [1859-1952], and writing.” [Fisch published in 1951; Dewey and Santay- Alfred North Whitehead [1861-1947].”1 ana both died in 1952]. Around page six, Fisch begins to tell his tale “by setting down some of the more infor- As Ketner and Kloesel point out, the scholarship of mal comments expressed in the letters of Justice Max Fisch is “meticulous,” and this General Introduc- Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., who, though an active par- tion in particular is “masterly.” We can’t bring you all ticipant in the early formulation of pragmatism, felt 39 pages (with their 123 footnotes) at this point, but I himself thereafter a detached but interested observer do want to share enough of Fisch’s argument to make of the philosophic scene” (5,6). you restless until you’ve read the whole thing. (B) The Climate of Opinion (pp. 9-19) “The history of philosophy in western civilization,” Here Fisch covers “the difference that science Fisch begins, “has a general continuity from which no made” between the worldviews of Holmes Jr. (author single thinker or local movement is quite cut off. There and Supreme Court Justice) and Sr. (author and physi- emerge, however, certain widely separated periods cian). “By far the most influential single idea was that within which the continuity is more pervasive and of evolution” (10). Aiding this notion were “…the sci- intensive. Such periods are… “[here the five just men- ences of man and society that arose in the late nine- tioned—Greek, medieval Christian, British, continen- teenth and early twentieth century: anthropology tal, and German—are listed; to which this manifesto (physical and cultural), social psychology, comparative proposes to add a sixth ‘classic period’: American]. religion and folklore, …economics, ‘the new history’ and ‘the sociology of knowledge’” (11). We hear about “We may call such a period classic in the sense Darwin… Chauncey Wright, “a leading philosophic that the leading philosophic tendencies of the culture interpreter and defender of Darwinian theory” (12)… in which it arises reach within it Alexander Bain… “the prediction theory of law” of Jus- • a fullness of expression, tice Holmes; and at page seventeen Fisch suggests • a mutual definition, that “Readers new to philosophy” might want to post- • a synthesis or equilibrium, and pone the rest of his General Introduction, and start • a permanent embodiment in texts which rapidly reading the selections from or the introductions to the acquire the status of a canon and which determine the six philosophers. directions in which further reflection moves for gener- ations or centuries thereafter.”2 (C) Major Themes and Tendencies (pp. 19-39) Let me just list the fourteen headings used by With these criteria stated, Fisch shows how the Fisch. If you are already well-informed about each of “more pervasive and intensive continuity” he refers to these issues, it may be that there is no need for you to is manifested by his six American Philosophers, using read any further; but most of us, I suspect, will find three overall headings: fresh ideas and thoughtfully-assembled evidence in these pages. (A) Personal Relations (pp. 1-8) 1. The Damnation of Descartes In these pages Fisch traces the Harvard connec- 2. The Naturalizing of Mind tions for five of his six philosophers (all but Dewey; 3. The Mentalizing of Nature 4. From Substance to Process 5.The Obsolescence of the Eternal 1. Max H. Fisch, Classic American Philosophers, (New York: Apple- 6.