ENLIGHTENED FATHERS AND THEIR REFORMIST SIBLINGS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY EYÜP MURAT KURT IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY SEPTEMPER 2013 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Prof. Dr. Ömer Turan Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Prof. Dr. Seçil Karal Akgün Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Recep Boztemur (METU, HIST) Prof. Dr. Seçil Karal Akgün (METU, HIST) Assist. Prof. Dr. Erinç Erdal Yıldırım (BEU, HIST) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Eyüp Murat Kurt Signature : iii ABSTRACT ENLIGHTENED FATHERS AND THEIR REFORMIST SIBLINGS Kurt, Eyüp Murat M.A., Department of History Advisor: Prof. Dr. Seçil Karal Akgün September 2013, 160 pages Continuity of applications is one of the most important features of a state, also a requirement for its credibility. This was valid for the Ottoman State which, in the 19th century, became dependent upon modernization for independent survival. It was therefore that the continuity of westernizing renovations performed with the anticipation of preserving state integrity gained outmost importance for the Ottoman ruling class. This study focuses on three nineteenth century enlightened fathers, one of them a non-Muslim, and their reformist siblings who have contributed to this cause as well as to Ottoman modernization. They are Kostaki and İstefanaki Musurus; İbrahim Edhem Paşa and Osman Hamdi Bey; and Ahmed Cevdet Paşa and Fatma Aliye Hanım taken up as case studies and presented here mostly through first hand sources. Each of the three selected prominent Ottomans who rendered different types of services to the Empire were not only enlightened men who, from different aspects iv contributed to overall Ottoman modernization, but were praiseworthy for bringing up reformist youngs. The six mentioned people with their official careers, scholarly, literary and artistic works served the Empire during a most turbulent era when the state steadily declined, leaving their unforgettable marks on the Ottoman institutions, society and culture as they contributed to the continuity of reforms. The study also brings them forth as role models opening the way to profession legacies among some prominent Ottoman families who served to implant tradition for educational and cultural elevation of the society that can be claimed to have passed to republican Turkey. Keywords: The Tanzimat Era, Ottoman Modernization, Fathers and Children v ÖZ AYDIN BABALAR VE REFORMCU ÇOCUKLARI Kurt, Eyüp Murat Yüksek Lisans, Tarih Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Seçil Karal Akgün Eylül 2013, 160 sayfa Modern çağda saygın devlet olmanın en önemli gereklerinden biri olan yaptırımlarda devamlılık ilkesi, Osmanlı Devleti için de geçerliydi. Bu nedenledir ki devlet yöneticilerinin devletin varlığının bağımsız olarak sürebilmesi için modernleşmeye dönük yenilikler yapılması gerektiğini kavradığı 19. yüzyıla gelindiğinde uygulanan reformlarda devamlılık sağlamak da batılılaşma hareketlerini gerçekleştirmek kadar önem kazanmıştı. Bu çalışma, Osmanlı Devletinin reformlar çağı diyebileceğimiz 19. yüzyıla birçok farklı alanda damga vuran biri gayrimüslim üç aydın babayı ve reformcu çocuklarını öne çıkararak onları Osmanlı batılılaşması/modernleşmesi bağlamında incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Vaka ya da durum çalışması olarak da nitelendirilebilecek olan çalışmada, Kostaki ve İstefanaki Musurus; İbrahim Edhem Paşa ve Osman Hamdi Bey; Ahmed Cevdet Paşa ve Fatma Aliye Hanım’ın mesleki entelektüel yönleri ve kendi isimleriyle hatırlanan katkıları, devletin devamlılık ilkesine örnek olmalarının da altı çizilerek incelemektedir. vi Çalışmanın konusunu ve aynı zamanda sorunsalını oluşturan biri gayrimüslim baba ve çocukların seçiminde sadece Osmanlı batılılaşmasına ve devletteki devamlılık olgusuna katkıları değil, mesleki ve düşünsel yaşamlarında gösterdikleri devamlılık ve tutarlılık da belirleyici oldu. Başka bir deyişle, babalarının eğitimleri, bulundukları üst düzey görevleri ve Osmanlı modernleşmesi ve devletin geleceği ilgili düşünceleri ve tutumlarının çocuklarının üzerinde bıraktığı önemli etkilerle birlikte ele alındı. Uzmanlık alanları gibi devleti kurtarmak için sundukları çözüm önerileri de farklı olan, ancak, devletin ömrünü uzatmak için yönetimsel ve toplumsal yapının yenilenmesi gerektiğinde birleşen bu kimseler hem yaşadıkları zaman diliminde hem daha sonralarda da görülen, hatta Cumhuriyet Türkiye’sine intikal eden baba-evlat-meslek bağlantısının da başarılı örnekleri olduklarından çalışma haklarında yazılmış eserlerin yanı sıra birinci el kaynaklar da incelenerek hazırlandı. Anahtar kelimeler: Tanzimat Dönemi, Osmanlı Modernleşmesi, Babalar ve Çocukları vii To My Family and Yağmur Ar viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS “Enlightened Fathers and Their Reformist Siblings” is a study which aims to provide different perspectives on Ottoman westernization and reformers by underlining the importance of continuity and exemplifying three fathers and children for evaluating the role of relationship and continuity in the process of modernization. The study is based on reformists who well understood this and moreso, three case studies of enlightened men who became role models by initiating the much sought continuity by transmitting reformist spirit from father to child. The fathers and children who are taken up as a case study here are Kostaki and İstefanaki Musurus; İbrahim Edhem Paşa and Osman Hamdi Bey; and Ahmed Cevdet Paşa and Fatma Aliye Hanım. Each of the three selected duos was prominent Ottomans who rendered different types of services to the Empire. Methodologically, this study aimed to present a comparative approach to the generalization of individualistic roles upon reforms through analysis of aforementioned figures. However, providing the reader with a dull chronological outline for each person’s career life was an inevitable but essential part of the study. Nevertheless, I tried to compensate this by enriching the content with first hand sources and some abstracts from the important works of the referred fathers and children. I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Professor Seçil Karal Akgün for her encouragement, guidance and patience throughout my research. Her invaluable support and trust have made the completion of this work possible. Without her guidance, encouragement and contributions, I could not dare to begin this work. I would also like to thank Recep Boztemur and Erinç Erdal Yıldırım who kindly accepted to be members of the thesis committee; read the draft and made valuable comments, criticisms and suggestions which vastly improved the work. ix My special thanks go to my friends Farhrettin Aldemir, Nuri Çamlı, Deniz Dölek, Özden Erdoğan, Oya Gözel, Canan Halaçoğlu, Serhat Kumbalı, Çağdaş Sümer, Ömür Şans and Sinan Caner Yamak for their encouragement and motivation during my studies. I have to express my deepest thanks especially to Yağmur Ar, who always supported me in multiple ways with her intelligence, love, patience and valuable support. Finally, I would like to extend my gratitude to my family for their deep and infinite love. They have always supported and enriched me in countless ways both emotionally and materially in every phase of my life. Their presence in my life often made the seemingly impossible come true. x TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM.........................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. iv ÖZ ............................................................................................................................. vi DEDICATION ....................................................................................................... viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................ xi CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 II. KOSTAKİ MUSURUS (1807-1891) AND İSTAFANAKİ MUSURUS (1841-1907) ………………………………………………………………..12 2.1 KOSTAKİ MUSURUS (1807-1891) ............................................... 12 2.1.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 12 2.1.2 Diplomatic Career of Kostaki Musurus ................................. 14 2.1.2.1 Governorship of Samos Island .................................. 14 2.1.2.2 Ambassadorship of Kostaki Musurus in Athens (1839- 1848) ............................................................................ 15 2.1.2.2.1 The Colonel Caratoss Incident ..................... 18 2.1.2.2.2 Attempt to Assasinate Kostaki Musurus ...... 20 2.1.2.3 Ambassadorship of Kostaki Musurus in Vienna (1848- 1850)