United States Office of Air Quality EPA-454/R-98-013 Environmental Protection Planning And Standards June 1998 Agency Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 AIR EPA LOCATING AND ESTIMATING AIR EMISSIONS FROM SOURCES OF ARSENIC AND ARSENIC COMPOUNDS L & E This report has been reviewed by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and has been approved for publication. Mention of trade names and commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. EPA-454/R-98-013 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page LIST OF TABLES........................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES........................................................... xi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................... xiv 1.0 PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT ............................................ 1-1 2.0 OVERVIEW OF DOCUMENT CONTENTS................................ 2-1 3.0 BACKGROUND ...................................................... 3-1 3.1 Physical And Chemical Nature Of Arsenic And Arsenic Compounds ....... 3-1 3.1.1 Inorganic Compounds ...................................... 3-3 3.1.2 Organic Arsenic Compounds ................................ 3-10 3.2 Fate Of Arsenic ................................................ 3-14 3.2.1 Fate of Arsenic in Soil ..................................... 3-14 3.2.2 Fate of Arsenic in Water ................................... 3-15 3.2.3 Fate of Arsenic in Air ...................................... 3-16 3.2.4 Fate of Arsenic in Plants and Food ........................... 3-16 3.3 Overview Of Production And Use .................................. 3-17 3.3.1 Metallic Arsenic .......................................... 3-19 3.3.2 Arsenic Trioxide ......................................... 3-19 4.0 EMISSIONS OF ARSENIC AND ARSENIC COMPOUNDS FROM COMBUSTION SOURCES ............................................. 4-1 4.1 Stationary External Combustion .................................... 4-1 4.1.1 Process Descriptions for Utility, Industrial, and Commercial Fuel Combustion .............................................. 4-3 4.1.2 Emission Factors for Utility, Industrial, and Commercial Fuel Combustion ............................................. 4-15 4.1.3 Source Locations ......................................... 4-33 4.2 Hazardous Waste Incineration ..................................... 4-35 4.2.1 Process Description ....................................... 4-36 4.2.2 Emission Factors ......................................... 4-43 4.2.3 Source Location .......................................... 4-43 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS, continued Section Page 4.3 Municipal Waste Combustion..................................... 4-45 4.3.1 Process Description ....................................... 4-45 4.3.2 Emission Factors ......................................... 4-52 4.3.3 Source Location .......................................... 4-56 4.4 Sewage Sludge Incinerators....................................... 4-56 4.4.1 Process Description ....................................... 4-56 4.4.2 Emission Factors ......................................... 4-63 4.4.3 Source Location .......................................... 4-66 4.5 Medical Waste Incineration....................................... 4-66 4.5.1 Process Description ....................................... 4-66 4.5.2 Emission Factors ......................................... 4-74 4.5.3 Source Location .......................................... 4-74 4.6 Crematories ................................................... 4-77 4.6.1 Process Description ....................................... 4-77 4.6.2 Emission Factors ......................................... 4-77 4.6.3 Source Locations ......................................... 4-78 4.7 Stationary Internal Combustion Sources............................. 4-78 4.7.1 Emissions ............................................... 4-78 4.7.2 Source Description ........................................ 4-82 5.0 EMISSIONS OF ARSENIC AND ARSENIC COMPOUNDS FROM THE METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY ......................................... 5-1 5.1 Primary Lead Smelting ........................................... 5-1 5.1.1 Process Description ........................................ 5-1 5.1.2 Emission Control Techniques ................................ 5-4 5.1.3 Emissions ................................................ 5-5 5.2 Secondary Lead Smelting ......................................... 5-5 5.2.1 Process Description ........................................ 5-5 5.2.2 Emission Control Techniques ............................... 5-17 5.2.3 Emissions ............................................... 5-19 5.2.4 Source Locations ......................................... 5-21 5.3 Primary Copper Production ....................................... 5-21 5.3.1 Source Description ........................................ 5-21 5.3.2 Process Description ....................................... 5-23 5.3.3 Emissions ............................................... 5-25 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS, continued Section Page 5.3.4 Emission Control Techniques ............................... 5-28 5.3.5 Source Location .......................................... 5-30 5.4 Secondary Aluminum Operations .................................. 5-31 5.4.1 Source Description ........................................ 5-31 5.4.2 Process Description ....................................... 5-31 5.4.3 Emissions and Control ..................................... 5-36 5.5 Ferroalloy Production ........................................... 5-38 5.5.1 Source Description ........................................ 5-38 5.5.2 Process Description ....................................... 5-39 5.5.3 Emissions and Controls .................................... 5-45 5.6 Iron and Steel Foundries ......................................... 5-47 5.6.1 Process Description ....................................... 5-47 5.6.2 Emission Control Techniques ............................... 5-52 5.6.3 Emission Factors ......................................... 5-52 5.6.4 Source Locations ......................................... 5-52 6.0 EMISSIONS OF ARSENIC AND ARSENIC COMPOUNDS FROM THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY .............................................. 6-1 6.1 Kraft Recovery Furnaces And Smelt-Dissolving Tanks .................. 6-1 6.1.1 Process Description ........................................ 6-1 6.1.2 Emission Factors .......................................... 6-7 6.1.3 Source Locations .......................................... 6-7 6.2 Lime Kilns..................................................... 6-7 6.2.1 Process Description ........................................ 6-7 6.2.2 Emission Factors ......................................... 6-11 6.2.3 Source Locations ......................................... 6-11 6.3 Sulfite Recovery Furnaces ........................................ 6-11 6.3.1 Process Description ....................................... 6-11 6.3.2 Emission Factors ......................................... 6-14 6.3.3 Source Locations ......................................... 6-14 7.0 EMISSIONS OF ARSENIC AND ARSENIC COMPOUNDS FROM OTHER SOURCES.................................................... 7-1 7.1 Glass Manufacturing ............................................. 7-1 7.1.1 Process Description ........................................ 7-2 v TABLE OF CONTENTS, continued Section Page 7.1.2 Emission Control Techniques ................................ 7-3 7.1.3 Emissions ................................................ 7-3 7.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfills .................................... 7-4 7.2.1 Process Description ........................................ 7-4 7.2.2 Emission Control Techniques ................................ 7-5 7.2.3 Emission Factors .......................................... 7-6 7.2.4 Source Locations .......................................... 7-6 7.3 Asphalt Concrete................................................ 7-6 7.3.1 Process Description ........................................ 7-6 7.3.2 Emission Control Techniques ............................... 7-14 7.3.3 Emission Factors ......................................... 7-14 7.3.4 Source Locations ......................................... 7-14 7.4 Abrasive Grain Processing........................................ 7-16 7.4.1 Process Description ....................................... 7-16 7.4.2 Emission Control Techniques ............................... 7-19 7.4.3 Emission Factors ......................................... 7-19 7.4.4 Source Locations ......................................... 7-20 7.5 Portland Cement Production ...................................... 7-20 7.5.1 Process Description ....................................... 7-21 7.5.2 Emission Control Techniques ............................... 7-24 7.5.3 Emission Factors ......................................... 7-25 7.5.4 Source Locations ......................................... 7-26 7.6 Open Burning Of Scrap Tires ..................................... 7-33 7.6.1 Process Description ....................................... 7-33 7.6.2 Emission Factors ......................................... 7-33 7.6.3 Source Location .......................................... 7-33 7.7 Grain Milling .................................................. 7-34 7.8 Process Heaters ................................................ 7-35 7.9 Cotton Production and Ginning .................................... 7-38 8.0 SOURCE TEST PROCEDURES