1 T his document is an output from a project funded by the UK Department for I nternational Development (DFID) for the benefit of developing countries. The views e xpressed are not necessarily those of the DFID. 2 Table of Contents 1 Introduction..............................................................................................................6 1.1 Aims and objective of the review......................................................................8 1.2 Methodology ....................................................................................................8 2 The marine fisheries resource of mainland Tanzania...............................................9 2.1 Marine biophysical resources, climate and currents .........................................9 2.1.1 Coastal habitats .......................................................................................9 2.1.2 The coastal climate ................................................................................16 2.1.3 Ocean currents.......................................................................................16 2.2 Fisheries resources........................................................................................17 2.2.1 Use of fisheries resources......................................................................17 2.2.2 Artisanal fishing industry.........................................................................19 2.2.3 Commercial fishing industry ...................................................................21 2.2.4 Fishing Seasons.....................................................................................24 2.2.5 Fisheries resources: status, trends and threats .....................................24 2.3 Marine resources important to artisanal fisheries: conclusions.......................29 3 Fisheries stakeholders...........................................................................................31 3.1 Demography ..................................................................................................31 3.2 Ethnic origin and culture of the coastal people ...............................................31 3.3 Income and poverty level ...............................................................................32 3.4 Livelihood earning activities ...........................................................................34 3.4.1 Contribution of the fisheries resource to the livelihoods of the poor ........34 3.4.2 Gender division of fisheries dependent livelihoods .................................37 3.4.3 Other fisheries related livelihoods...........................................................37 3.4.4 Alternative activities................................................................................38 3.5 The importance of fisheries in coastal communities livelihoods: conclusions 40 4 Assets and access to capital..................................................................................42 4.1 Assets............................................................................................................42 4.2 Fish handling facilities....................................................................................43 4.2.1 Important Landing Sites..........................................................................43 4.2.2 Land based fish storage facilities (markets)............................................44 4.2.3 Ice making facilities ................................................................................44 4.2.4 Processing plants...................................................................................44 4.2.5 Transportation ........................................................................................45 4.2.6 Fish Marketing and Constraints..............................................................45 4.3 Access to Capital ...........................................................................................46 4.3.1 Co-operative ventures ............................................................................46 4.4 Assets and access to capital for artisanal fishers: conclusions.......................47 5 Institutional arrangements, and legal and policy issues .........................................49 5.1 Institutional arrangements..............................................................................49 5.1.1 General Administration...........................................................................49 5.1.2 Beach Management Units (BMUs) .........................................................50 5.1.3 Non Governmental Organisations ..........................................................51 5.1.4 Other partnerships for coastal management...........................................51 5.1.5 Functions of the Fisheries Division and affiliated institutions ..................51 5.1.6 Non-Governmental and Private Sector participation...............................53 5.2 Legal and Policy issues..................................................................................53 5.2.1 Fisheries Laws of Tanzania....................................................................54 3 5.2.2 Policies governing the marine Fisheries Resource .................................55 5.2.3 Management Plan to Mangrove Ecosystem of Mainland Tanzania.........57 5.2.4 Control of Illegal Fishing and Marine Pollution........................................58 5.3 Institutional arrangements, and legal and policy issues: Conclusions.............58 6 The Study Site Selection Process..........................................................................60 6.1 Bagamoyo District as an Important Marine Fishing Area................................63 7 General conclusions and recommendations ..........................................................66 8 References ............................................................................................................69 9 Appendices............................................................................................................74 List of Tables Table 1: Mangrove areas in the different Administrative blocks in mainland Tanzania ................................................................................................................12 Table 2: The Species Composition and Area Occupied by Mangrove Trees in Mainland Tanzania.................................................................................................12 Table 3: Weight of marine fish caught by species; Source: Fisheries Division, Annual Fisheries Statistics (various years) .........................................................................18 Table 4: Characteristics of the Artisanal Marine Fisheries in Tanzania ..........................19 Table 5: Fish catches per boat per day in the main centers...........................................21 Table 6: Threats to marine fisheries resources..............................................................25 Table 7: Threats to habitats that support the marine fisheries resource.........................26 Table 8: Percentage of households below the food and basic needs poverty lines and food share of household expenditure for the coastal regions of Tanzania ..............32 Table 9: Per capita household monthly income for the coastal regions of Tanzania (Nominal Tshs).......................................................................................................33 Table 10: Contribution of Households main source of cash income (%) for the coastal regions of Tanzania................................................................................................33 Table 11: Mean and Median monthly consumption expenditure per capita for the coastal regions of Tanzania (Tshs, nominal prices). ...........................................................33 Table 12: Percentage distribution of respondents’ responses by monthly household income from fishing in coastal regions of Tanzania ................................................34 Table 13: Regional distribution of artisanal fishers in the coastal regions of mainland Tanzania ................................................................................................................35 Table 14: Comparison in monthly incomes and profits per sales among different fishing methods for marine fishers .....................................................................................42 4 5 1 Introduction Tanzania is one of the greatest fisheries nations in Africa, ranking in the top 10 countries in Africa in terms of total capture fisheries production (FishStat, FAO). The country has an average annual fish landing of over 300,000 tons and an estimated production potential of 730,000 tons (Sawan Tanzania 2002; MNR&T/JICA 2002). The fisheries resource contributes 2.9% of the country’s GDP (Planning Commission 2000). Fisheries products, mainly Nile Perch fillets, shellfish (shrimps and lobsters) and crabs, are important export products of Tanzania, bringing in 10% of the nations foreign exchange earnings each year. As of 2001 to the present Tanzania is a net exporter of fish products. The Tanzania coast is home to a quarter of the country’s population, contains 75 percent of the industries and includes Dar Es Salaam as the country’s largest urban center. The 13 coastal districts on the mainland are, from north to south, Muheza, Tanga, Pangani, Bagamoyo, Kinondoni, Ilala, Temeke, Mkuranga, Rufiji, Mafia, Kilwa, Lindi and Mtwara (Figure 1). In most of the coastal districts, farming and fishing are the primary