TAXON: Woodwardia radicans (L.) SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk Sm. Taxon: Woodwardia radicans (L.) Sm. Family: Blechnaceae Common Name(s): chain fern Synonym(s): Blechnum radicans L. European chain fern rooting chainfern Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 3 Nov 2016 WRA Score: 9.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Naturalized, Ornamental, Shade-Tolerant, Rooting Bulbils, Wind-Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 n 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Creation Date: 3 Nov 2016 (Woodwardia radicans (L.) Page 1 of 16 Sm.) TAXON: Woodwardia radicans (L.) SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk Sm. Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 y Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 3 Nov 2016 (Woodwardia radicans (L.) Page 2 of 16 Sm.) TAXON: Woodwardia radicans (L.) SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk Sm. Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes Kramer, K.U. & Green, P.S. 1990. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume 1. Pteridophytes and No evidence of domestication in genus Gymnosperms. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2016. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2016. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native: Africa Macaronesia: Portugal - Azores USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network, Northern Africa: Algeria 2016. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Europe Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Southeastern Europe: Italy [Accessed 3 Nov 2016] Southwestern Europe: Portugal; Spain" "The natural range of this species is Macaronesia and southern Europe. It is found abundantly in the Azores, Madeira and high Pyner, T. (2015). Woodwardia in cultivation. Plantsman. rainfall areas of the Canary Islands. It also occurs rarely in Portugal, September 2015: 184-191 Spain, Italy and also on the islands of Corsica, Sicily and Crete." [W. radicans has a Mediterranean-Atlantic subtropical distribution.] 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network, 2016. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. [Accessed 3 Nov 2016] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n Creation Date: 3 Nov 2016 (Woodwardia radicans (L.) Page 3 of 16 Sm.) TAXON: Woodwardia radicans (L.) SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk Sm. Qsn # Question Answer Source(s) Notes "Hardiness: Dave's Garden. (2016). European chain fern - Woodwardia USDA Zone 9a: to -6.6 °C (20 °F) radicans. http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/1808/. USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F) [Accessed 2 Nov 2016] USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F)" "Wet storage at 5 or 20 °C was the only method that maintained the Quintanilla, L. G., Amigo, J., Pangua, E., & Pajaron, S. viability of C. macrocarpa and W. radicans spores after 1 year (Table (2002). Effect of storage method on spore viability in five 3 and Fig. 1). This may be related to the autecology of these two globally threatened fern species. Annals of Botany, 90(4), species, both of which are hygrophilous, i.e. require very high levels 461-467 of soil moisture and relative humidity." Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes "The natural range of this species is Macaronesia and southern Europe. It is found abundantly in the Azores, Madeira and high Pyner, T. (2015). Woodwardia in cultivation. Plantsman. rainfall areas of the Canary Islands. It also occurs rarely in Portugal, September 2015: 184-191 Spain, Italy and also on the islands of Corsica, Sicily and Crete." [W. radicans has a Mediterranean-Atlantic subtropical distribution.] DeSoto, L., Quintanilla, L., & Méndez, M. (2008). "Woodwardia radicans (Blechnaceae) is an evergreen fern found in Environmental Sex Determination in Ferns: Effects of riparian forests of the northern Iberian Peninsula, Macaronesia and Nutrient Availability and Individual Density in some Mediterranean localities." Woodwardia radicans. Journal of Ecology, 9 (6), 1319-1327 Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora "A genus of 12 species, Woodwardia is primarily from the temperate - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Northern Hemisphere. Two species are cultivated in Hawaii." Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network, 2016. National Plant Germplasm System [Online "Cultivated: . also cult." Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. [Accessed 2 Nov 2016] Stace, C. 2010. New Flora of the British Isles. Third Edition. "regenerates in gardens in S Kerry and W Cornwall and might escape Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK into the wild" "Regional Dave's Garden. (2016). European chain fern - Woodwardia This plant has been said to grow in the following regions: radicans. http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/1808/. San Francisco, California [Accessed 2 Nov 2016] Thousand Oaks, California Bellevue, Washington" 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes Creation Date: 3 Nov 2016 (Woodwardia radicans (L.) Page 4 of 16 Sm.) TAXON: Woodwardia radicans (L.) SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk Sm. Qsn # Question Answer Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 2004 onwards. British ferns "Distribution and habitat. A mainland-european species, perhaps (Filicopsida). Version: 4th January 2012. http://delta- naturalized. Regenerates in gardens in S. Kerry and W. Cornwall." intkey.com. [Accessed 2 Nov 2016] Stace, C. 2010. New Flora of the British Isles. Third Edition. "regenerates in gardens in S Kerry and W Cornwall and might escape Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK into the wild" Flora of North America Editorial Committee. 1993. Flora of "Woodwardia radicans (Linnaeus) Smith has been reported as an North America: Volume 2: Pteridophytes and escape from cultivation in Florida and in the Sierra Nevada in Gymnosperms. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK California; it has not persisted." Gann, G.D., and Collaborators. 2001-2016. The Floristic Inventory of South Florida Database Online. The Institute "Woodwardia radicans ... SOUTH FLORIDA Native Status: Not Native, for Regional Conservation. Delray Beach, Florida. Naturalized" http://regionalconservation.org. [Accessed 3 Nov 2016] Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Lorence, D.H. 2016. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. Smithsonian Institution, No evidence to date Washington, D.C. http://botany.si.edu/. [Accessed 2 Nov 2016] 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P.