1 Warm-up This photograph of Fidel Castro and Nikita Khrushchev was taken at a rally in Moscow’s Red Square in 1961. This was the same year as the failed Bay of Pigs invasion by the United States and a year before the Cuban Missile Crisis. As you look at the photograph, think about what might have been discussed between the two leaders. You are an American reporter at this rally in the Soviet Union. Write your thoughts about what you observe there. How does it make you feel as an American? How would you characterize Khrushchev’s relationship with Castro? 2 The New Frontier TEKS 1(B), 8(B), 17(B), 18(B), 20(A), 25(D) 3 4 Listen The contrast between the presidencies of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson is striking. While Kennedy articulated plans for domestic reform, few of his programs actually advanced through Congress, perhaps because of his preoccupation with foreign affairs. When Johnson took office after Kennedy’s death, he used his legislative skills to push through Congress some of the most significant social programs in the nation’s history. 5 Listen In the 1960 presidential campaign, Democrat John F. Kennedy ran against Republican Richard M. Nixon. The two candidates faced each other in the nation’s first televised debate. Kennedy appeared to most viewers as relaxed and confident while Nixon seemed tired and strained. The debate had a significant impact on American politics. Politicians could now use television as a more effective means of communicating with the public. 6 Listen Kennedy was the youngest person to run for President and the first Roman Catholic to win the presidency. He won by a narrow margin, which denied him a strong mandate , or public endorsement of his ideas. However, he actively pursued his programs to improve the economy, fight poverty and inequality, and develop the space program. These policies, which he called the “ New Frontier ,” were frequently blocked by Congress. Therefore, Kennedy sought to achieve his goals through executive orders. During his short presidency he succeeded in enacting measures to improve the economy, the standard of living for the poor, and the environment. Kennedy also pushed the space program to put a man on the moon. NASA reached this goal in 1969, but Kennedy never got to see it. 7 Landing on the Moon 8 Listen In his Inaugural Address, he inspired a generation of young people by urging them to put patriotism before personal interests: “My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” —John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address, 1961 9 Listen On a campaign visit to Dallas, Texas, in November 1963, Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald, who was then murdered by Jack Ruby before he could be tried. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson took over as President and immediately appointed a commission to investigate the assassination. 10 Listen The Warren Commission , headed by Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren, concluded that Oswald acted alone. However, many people still believe that Oswald was part of a larger conspiracy. 1 11 The New Frontier Begin Taking Notes 1. What factors affected the election of 1960? 2. What domestic programs did President Kennedy pursue? 3. What circumstances surrounded Kennedy’s assassination? 12 The Election of 1960 1 A New Type of Candidate Democratic Senator John F. Kennedy had served in the House and Senate for 14 years when he ran for President in 1960. Still, some questioned his candidacy because of his young age, 43, and his Roman Catholic religious beliefs. Kennedy proved to be an engaging television personality during the 1960 presidential debates, the first such debates to be televised. 2 A Narrow Kennedy Victory Kennedy won the 1960 election by an extremely close margin. Kennedy was separated from his opponent, Republican Richard Nixon, by fewer than 119,000 popular votes out of nearly 69 million cast. Because of the close election, Kennedy entered office without a mandate, or public endorsement of his proposals. 13 Kennedy’s Domestic Programs In a speech early in his presidency, Kennedy said that the nation was poised at the edge of a “New Frontier.” This phrase came to refer to Kennedy’s proposals to improve the economy, assist the poor, and speed up the space program. Kennedy’s efforts to improve the economy included ordering a federal investigation into steel price fixing and proposing a large tax cut. His tax cut proposal, however, became stuck in Congress. Many of Kennedy’s proposals aimed to combat poverty and inequality. Although some were rejected by Congress, others were passed. These included an increase in the minimum wage, funding for urban renewal, abolishment of poll taxes, and the Equal Pay Act, which required all employees doing the same work in the same workplace to receive equal wages. 14 Other Kennedy Initiatives 1 Improved surplus food to unemployed Americans Largest defense buildup in peacetime history Help to communities plagued by long-term unemployment Extension of Social Security benefits Expansion of National Park System Doubling of federal resources combating water pollution 2 Construction of the world’s largest nuclear power plant Tightening of food and drug laws Encouragement of free trade Signing of the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Changes in the welfare system Creation of first federal program to address juvenile delinquency 15 The Space Program The Soviet Union’s launch of the Sputnik satellite in 1957 inspired the United States to work toward placing a manned spacecraft in orbit. In April 1961, Soviet astronaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human to travel in space. Americans worried that their technology was falling behind that of the Soviet Union. 16 The Space Program Funding for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was increased. In 1961 and 1962, American astronauts made initial space flights. On July 20, 1969, American astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the moon. 2 17 The Space Program 18 Kennedy Is Assassinated On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was shot while riding in an open limousine through Dallas, Texas. He had traveled to Texas to mobilize support for his upcoming reelection campaign. Shots fired from the sixth-floor window of the empty Texas School Book Depository mortally wounded Kennedy, making Vice President Lyndon Johnson the new President. 19 20 Kennedy Is Assassinated The prime suspect in Kennedy’s murder, Lee Harvey Oswald, was murdered by a man named Jack Ruby two days later, while being transferred from one jail to another. To investigate Kennedy’s murder, President Johnson appointed The President’s Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, better known as the Warren Commission, after its chairman, Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren. The Warren Commission determined that Oswald had acted alone. However, theories that Oswald and Ruby had belonged to a conspiracy persisted. 21 Kennedy Is Assassinated 22 Oswald Killed 23 24 The New Frontier—Assessment What was the New Frontier? (A) A campaign slogan used in the 1960 election (B) Kennedy’s proposal for a tax cut (C) NASA’s program to put a manned spacecraft in orbit (D) A collective term for many of Kennedy’s proposals Which of these statements best describes the conclusion reached by the Warren Commission? (A) Oswald and Ruby had acted together to assassinate Kennedy. (B) Oswald had acted alone when assassinating Kennedy. (C) Oswald and Ruby had participated in a conspiracy. (D) Oswald had been framed, and Ruby had been the true assassin. 25 The New Frontier—Assessment What was the New Frontier? (A) A campaign slogan used in the 1960 election (B) Kennedy’s proposal for a tax cut (C) NASA’s program to put a manned spacecraft in orbit (D) A collective term for many of Kennedy’s proposals Which of these statements best describes the conclusion reached by the Warren Commission? (A) Oswald and Ruby had acted together to assassinate Kennedy. (B) Oswald had acted alone when assassinating Kennedy. (C) Oswald and Ruby had participated in a conspiracy. (D) Oswald had been framed, and Ruby had been the true assassin. 26 QUIZ Put your name, date, and period on a piece of binder paper – number it 1 to 10. Make sure to title the quiz. 3 Complete the quiz. QUIZ 27 Work Look over your notes from today. 1. Answer the 3 questions from today’s lecture. 2. In five sentences, write a brief summary of what we went over in class today. Use the highlighted key terms in your summary! Title the paper the same as the Lecture Notes. Make sure to put your Name , Date , and Period in the upper right hand corner of your page. Turn this in at the beginning of class tomorrow – put it in the hand-in/collection basket. Worth 25 out of 100 points for this week’s Daily grade. 4 ERROR: undefined OFFENDING COMMAND: STACK:.