7ViiaZd[6ci^ZiVb B IOGRAPHY Confederate leaders hoped to follow up Lee’s Robert E. Lee successes in Virginia with a major victory on !*1)0È*10)" northern soil. On September 4, 1862, some Kh[^km>'E^^pZl[hkgbgmhZp^Zemar 40,000 Confederate soldiers began crossing Obk`bgbZ_Zfberbg*1)0'E^^_hn`ambg into Maryland. General Robert E. Lee decid- ma^F^qb\Zg&:f^kb\ZgPZk%a^eibg` ed to divide his army. He sent about half of mh\Zimnk^O^kZ\kns'Pa^gma^<bobe his troops, under the command of Stonewall PZk[^`Zg%Ik^lb]^gmEbg\hegZld^] Jackson, to Harpers Ferry. There they defeat- E^^mhe^Z]ma^NgbhgZkfr'E^^ ed a Union force and captured the town. ]^\ebg^]Zg]k^lb`g^]_khfma^ Meanwhile, Lee arrived in the town of Fred- N'L':kfrmh[^\hf^Z`^g^kZebg erick and issued a Proclamation to the People ma^<hg_^]^kZm^Zkfr' of Maryland, urging them to join the Con- federates. However, his words would not be Drawing Conclusions How did Lee’s choice reflect the division of enough to convince Marylanders to abandon the states? the Union. Union soldiers, however, found a copy of Lee’s battle plan, which had been left at an abandoned Confederate camp. Gen- The two armies met along eral McClellan learned that Lee had divided Antietam Creek in Maryland on his army in order to attack Harpers Ferry. September 17, 1862. The battle However, McClellan hesitated to attack. As a lasted for hours. By the end of the result, the Confederates had time to reunite. day, the Union had suffered more than 12,000 casualties. The Confederates endured more than 13,000 casualties. Union offi cer A. H. Nickerson later recalled, “It seemed that everybody near me was killed.” The 7ViiaZd[6ci^ZiVb! also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, was the bloodiest single-day battle of the Civil War—and of James Hope was a professional artist U.S. history. More soldiers were killed and who joined the Union army. Too sick to fight at Antietam, Hope was reassigned wounded at the Battle of Antietam than to work as a scout and a mapmaker. He the deaths of all Americans in the Ameri- sketched scenes from the battle as it can Revolution, War of 1812, and Mexican- happened and later used his sketches to make paintings like this one. This American War combined. scene is of early morning on the battle- During the battle, McClellan kept four field. This painting doesn’t represent divisions of soldiers in reserve and refused a particular moment, but is meant to show a series of events. to use them to attack Lee’s devastated army. McClellan was convinced that Lee was massing reserves for a counterattack. Those reserves did not exist. Despite this blunder, Antietam was an important victory. Lee’s ANALYSIS northward advance had been stopped. SKILL ANALYZING VISUALS How is this painting different from modern war READING CHECK Analyzing Why was the reporting? Battle of Antietam significant? THE CIVIL WAR 519 6-8_SNLAESE484693_C16S1-5.indd 519 7/1/10 10:00:17 PM Primary Source POLITICAL CARTOON Union states Anaconda Plan Confederate states Union blockade Mabl\ZkmhhglahploblnZeerma^GhkmaÍlieZg Hampton>«Ì 0100200 Miles Washington,7>Ã }Ì]Ê ° ° D.C. mh\nmh__lniieb^lmhma^Lhnmamakhn`agZoZe Roads,>`Ã 0100200 Kilometers [eh\dZ]^l%ZlmkZm^`r\Zee^]ma^:gZ\hg]ZIeZg' R2iIvVeErR Richmond,V ` iIoO O/hH Parblma^lgZd^Íl Rr a^Z]k^]%pabm^% HRW NationalEe American History Vv Ii Zg][en^8 ah07bs_c15leg010ba.ai2R Ii BlockadePp Map legend Charleston >ÀiÃÌ Pp Ii Ss Ss Ii Ss s S i I 1st Proof - 2/21/05 M Ahp]h^lma^\Zkmhhgblmlahp - Final-02/24/05 80°Wnäc7 paZmma^lgZd^k^ik^l^gml8 30°NÎäc !4,!.4)#ATLANTIC /#%!.OCEAN ANALYSIS SKILL ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES New iÜÊ"Ài>Ã Orleans Why do you think the plan was called the Anaconda Plan? N. 'ULFOF-EXICOGulf of Mexico E% W7 S3 90°Wäc7 cVeirÀ ofv C a>n T/rÀop«icV 7gZV`^c\i]ZJc^dc»h Nassau to buy supplies for the Confederacy. 7adX`VYZ These ships, however, could not make up for the South’s loss of trade. The Union blockade While the two armies fought for control of reduced the number of ships entering south- the land, the Union navy controlled the ern ports from 6,000 to 800 per year. sea. The North had most of the U.S. Navy’s small fl eet, and many experienced naval 8aVh]d[i]Z>gdcXaVYh offi cers had remained loyal to the Union. Hoping to take away the Union’s advan- The North also had enough industry to tage at sea, the Confederacy turned to a build more ships. The Confederacy turned new type of warship—^gdcXaVYh , or ships to British companies for new ships. heavily armored with iron. The British gov- ACADEMIC ernment neglected to stop these shipsAHBS?CMAPBAAIah07bs_c15map010ba.ai from VOCABULARY I]ZJc^dc»hCVkVaHigViZ\n being delivered, in violation of its pledge"LOCKADE-APBlockade of Map innovation a new -AP!REAPWIDE8PHIGHMap Area: 20p9 wide X 23p6 high idea or way of The Union navy quickly mobilized to neutrality. The Confederates had captured a set up a blockade of southern ports. The Union steamship, the Merrimack, and turned doing something ST0ROOF 1st Proof - 2/21/05 blockade largely prevented the South from it into an ironclad, renamed the Virginia&INAL Final-02/24/05. One selling or receiving goods, and it seriously Union sailor described the innovation as “a damaged the southern economy. huge half-submerged crocodile.” In early The blockade was hard to maintain March 1862, the ironclad sailed into Hamp- because the Union navy had to patrol thou- ton Roads, Virginia, an important waterway sands of miles of coastline from Virginia to guarded by Union ships. Before nightfall, Texas. The South used small, fast ships to out- the Virginia easily sank two of the Union’s run the larger Union warships. Most of these wooden warships, while it received minor blockade runners traveled to the Bahamas or damage. 520 CHAPTER 16 6-8_SNLAESE484693_C16S1-5.indd 520 7/1/10 10:01:15 PM The Union navy had already built its own Union Blockade MA>BFI:<M ironclad, the Monitor, designed by Swedish- MH=:R Union states born engineer John Ericsson. Ericsson’s ship The Monitor Confederate states had unusual new features, such as a revolv- sank in North Carolina in the Union blockade ing gun tower. One Confederate soldier winter of 1862. Hampton>«Ì 0100200 Miles 7>Ã }Ì]Ê ° ° called the Monitor “a tin can on a shingle!” Washington, D.C. Roads,>`Ã The shipwreck 0100200 Kilometers Although small, the Monitor carried powerful was located by R2iIvVeErR RicRichmond,V `hmond scientists in 1973, oO guns and had thick plating. hHiI and remains of O/ When the Virginia returned to Hamp- Fhgbmhk[Zmme^l the ship are part Obk`bgbZZmAZfimhg ton Roads later that month, the Monitor of the exhibit at Rr HRW NationalEe American History the USS Monitor Vv Ii KhZ]l' was waiting. After several hours of fi ghting, ah07bs_c15leg010ba.ai2R Center, which Ii neither ship was seriously damaged, but the BlockadePp Map legend Charleston >ÀiÃÌ opened in 2007. Pp Ii Ss Ss Monitor forced the Virginia to withdraw. This Ii Ss s S i I 1st Proof - 2/21/05 M - success saved the Union fl eet and continued Final-02/24/05 80°Wnäc7 30°NÎäc the blockade. The clash of the ironclads also !4,!.4)#ATLANTIC signaled a revolution in naval warfare. The /#%!.OCEAN days of wooden warships powered by wind New iÜÊ"Ài>Ã Orleans and sails were drawing to a close. N. READING CHECK Evaluating How effective 'ULFOF-EXICOGulf of Mexico E% W7 was the Union blockade? S3 90°Wäc7 cVeirÀ ofv C a>n T/rÀop«icV GEOGRAPHY SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS NFF:KRL :G= IK>OB>P The early bat- Location What major port cities in the South tles of the Civil War were centered in the were affected by the blockade? East. In the next section you will read about battles in the West. Section 2 Assessment ONLINE QUIZ Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People Critical Thinking 1. a. Identify List the early battles in the 4. Supporting a Point of View Review your notes on the East and the outcome of each battle. battles in the east and at sea. Then copy the graphic AHBS?CMAPBAAIah07bs_c15map010ba.ai b. Elaborate Why do you think the Union lost the organizer below and use it to show which three con- "LOCKADE-APBlockade Map First Battle of Bull Run? fl icts you think were the most signifi cant and why. -AP!REAPWIDE8PHIGHMap Area: 20p9 wide X 23p6 high 2. a. Describe What costly mistake did the Confed- eracy make before the Battle of Antietam? Most Signifi cant Why ST0ROOF 1st Proof - 2/21/05 b. Analyze What was the outcome of the Battle of &INAL Final-02/24/05 Antietam, and what effect did it have on both the North and the South? c. Elaborate Why do you think General George FOCUS ON WRITING B. McClellan did not fi nish off General Robert E. Lee’s troops when he had the chance? 5. Taking Notes on the War in the East As you read 3. a. Describe What was the Union’s strategy in the this section, take notes on the First Battle of Bull war at sea? Run, the Seven Days’ Battles, the Second Battle b. Draw Conclusions Why were ironclads more of Bull Run, and the Battle of Antietam.