ISO/IEC 19501:2005(E) Date: January 2005 Unified Modeling Language Specification Version 1.4.2 formal/05-04-01 This specification is also available from ISO as ISO/IEC 19501. ISO/IEC 19501:2005(E) 1 Scope..................................................................................................................... 1 2 Normative references .............................................................................................1 2.1 Identical Recommendations | International Standards ........................................ 1 3 General Information ...............................................................................................2 3.1 Description .......................................................................................................... 2 3.2 Outside the Scope of the UML ............................................................................ 3 3.2.1 Programming Languages......................................................................................... 3 3.2.2 Tools ........................................................................................................................ 3 3.2.3 Process ................................................................................................................... 3 3.3 Primary Artifacts of the UML ............................................................................... 4 3.3.1 UML-defining Artifacts ............................................................................................. 4 3.3.2 Development Project Artifacts ................................................................................. 4 3.4 Motivation to Define the UML .............................................................................. 5 3.4.1 Why We Model ........................................................................................................ 5 3.4.2 Industry Trends in Software .................................................................................... 5 3.4.3 Prior to Industry Convergence ................................................................................ 6 3.5 Goals of the UML ................................................................................................ 6 3.5.1 Comparing UML to Other Modeling Languages ...................................................... 8 3.5.2 Features of the UML ............................................................................................... 8 3.6 UML - Past, Present, and Future ..................................................................... 10 3.6.1 UML 0.8 - 0.91 ...................................................................................................... 10 3.6.2 UML Partners....................................................................................................... 11 3.6.3 UML - Present and Future ..................................................................................... 11 4 UML Semantics ....................................................................................................13 Part 1 - Background 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 13 4.1.1 Purpose and Scope .............................................................................................. 13 4.1.2 Approach ............................................................................................................... 13 4.2 Language Architecture ...................................................................................... 14 4.2.1 Four-Layer Metamodel Architecture ...................................................................... 14 4.2.2 Package Structure.................................................................................................. 15 4.3 Language Formalism ........................................................................................ 17 4.3.1 Levels of Formalism ............................................................................................... 17 4.3.2 Package Specification Structure ........................................................................... 18 4.3.3 Use of a Constraint Language .............................................................................. 19 4.3.4 Use of Natural Language ...................................................................................... 19 4.3.5 Naming Conventions and Typography.................................................................. 20 Part 2 - Foundation 4.4 Foundation Package ......................................................................................... 20 4.5 Core .................................................................................................................. 21 4.5.1 Overview ................................................................................................................ 21 4.5.2 Abstract Syntax ..................................................................................................... 21 4.5.3 Well-Formedness Rules ........................................................................................ 51 4.5.4 Detailed Semantics ............................................................................................... 63 © ISO/IEC 2005 - All rights reserved iii ISO/IEC 19501:2005(E) 4.6 Extension Mechanisms ..................................................................................... 69 4.6.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 69 4.6.2 Abstract Syntax ..................................................................................................... 71 4.6.3 Well-Formedness Rules ........................................................................................ 74 4.6.4 Detailed Semantics ............................................................................................... 76 4.6.5 Notes ..................................................................................................................... 77 4.7 Data Types ........................................................................................................ 78 4.7.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 78 4.7.2 Abstract Syntax ..................................................................................................... 78 Part 3 - Behavioral Elements 4.8 Behavioral Elements Package ........................................................................... 85 4.9 Common Behavior ............................................................................................ 85 4.9.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 85 4.9.2 Abstract Syntax ..................................................................................................... 85 4.9.3 Well-Formedness Rules......................................................................................... 96 4.9.4 Detailed Semantics ............................................................................................. 101 4.10 Collaborations ............................................................................................... 103 4.10.1 Overview ........................................................................................................... 103 4.10.2 Abstract Syntax ................................................................................................. 104 4.10.3 Well-Formedness Rules.................................................................................... 111 4.10.4 Detailed Semantics ........................................................................................... 115 4.10.5 Notes ................................................................................................................. 118 4.11 Use Cases ..................................................................................................... 119 4.11.1 Overview ........................................................................................................... 119 4.11.2 Abstract Syntax ................................................................................................. 119 4.11.3 Well-Formedness Rules.................................................................................... 122 4.11.4 Detailed Semantics ............................................................................................ 124 4.11.5 Notes ................................................................................................................. 128 4.12 State Machines .............................................................................................. 128 4.12.1 Overview ........................................................................................................... 128 4.12.2 Abstract Syntax ................................................................................................. 128 4.12.3 Well-FormednessRules ..................................................................................... 136 4.12.4 Detailed Semantics ........................................................................................... 140 4.12.5 Notes ................................................................................................................. 148 4.13 Activity Graphs .............................................................................................. 152 4.13.1 Overview