Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1997 Correct clothing for historical interpreters in living history museums Laura Marie Poresky Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the American Material Culture Commons, Fashion Design Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Poresky, Laura Marie, "Correct clothing for historical interpreters in living history museums" (1997). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 16993. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/16993 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Correct clothing for historical interpreters in jiving history museums by Laura Marie Poresky A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Textiles and Clothing Major Professor: Dr. Jane Farrell-Beck Iowa State University Ames. Iowa 1997 II Graduate College Iowa State University This is to certify that the Master's thesis of Laura Marie Poresky has met the thesis requirements of Iowa State University Signatures have been redacted for privacy III TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT v INTRODUCTlON 1 Justification 1 Research Questions 4 Operational Definition of Terms 5 Objectives 7 Assumptions 7 Limitations 7 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 8 PROCEDURES 12 Selection of Subjects 12 Development of Interview Schedule 15 Conducting Interviews 16 Analysis 17 FINDINGS 19 Living History in the United States 19 Interpretation at Living History Sites 20 Representational Clothing at Living History Sites 20 The Importance of Accurate Representational Clothing 24 Procuring and Maintaining Representational Clothing 27 Clothing Research at Living History Museums 31 Representational Clothing and Site Interpretation 33 Influences on Attitudes Toward Representational Dress 37 Advice to Living History Sites 38 CONCLUSlON AND SUMMARY 43 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 47 APPENDIX A. LETTER TO PROSPECTIVE SITES 50 APPENDIX B. FOLLOW-UP LETTER TO SAMPLE SITES 52 IV APPENDlX C. lNTERVIEW SCHEDULE 53 APPENDlX D. SlTES AND RESPONDENTS IN SAMPLE 57 APPENDlX E. HlSTORICAL PATTERN SOURCES 60 REFERENCES 64 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 69 v ABSTRACT The use of representational clothing at living history museums was investigated in 33 telephone interviews. Time periods from the 17th to 20th centuries were portrayed by the sample of sites. which were located across most of the continental United States. It was found that most of the sites used third person historical interpretation. Historical clothing was seen as quite important to telling the story of the site; proper clothing helped both visitors and interpreters to understand the site better. The clothing was procured from a number of sources. Maintenance of garments was shared by interpreters and staff. Clothing was found to last approximately two years. depending on the garment and the wearer. Research sources varied according to time period and region represented. Site clothing was held to be reasonably accurate for the period and region represented. Respondents were divided on the importance of absolute authenticity in clothing to living history sites. INTRODUCTION Living history has become popular in the United States in many forms. from the permanent settings of established sites like Plimoth Plantation to ephemeral weekend Civil War reenactments on county fairgrounds. It can be used for recreation or education. and often combines the two. becoming an entertaining tool for outreach programs and special events. In any form. living history requires efforts in two directions: research to discover the social and material culture of the period of interest. and procurement of objects that represent that material culture. One of the most vital elements of material culture for living history is clothing. Even a vague attempt at period c1othing--a slouch hat. a plaid shirt. a long skirt--informs onlookers that they are seeing into the past. although through a distorted lens. It reminds the wearers that they are representatives for the past to the people of the present. Accurately researched and reproduced representational clothing can identify the age. gender. class. and even nationality of the wearer's character. as well as establishing the era being represented. Justification Many North American museums today use costumed guides. either for special events or as regular interpreters of historic sites (Coats. 1990; Dupree-Begos. 1994; Kneubuhl and Strazar. 1994; Russell. 1992). Historic sites often use costumed guides or interpreters as an extension of the museum environment. particularly in farm or village settings. to create living history museums. Whereas the buildings. artifacts, plants and livestock of a site are 2 often thoroughly researched. historically accurate clothing for the interpreters IS sometimes neglected. Several influences contribute to this neglect. Although a great deal of research has been done on historic clothing. very little has been done to apply this information in a scholarly fashion to the costuming needs of living history. Some aspects of fabric. cut, and construction of clothing have been published (Arnold. 1972a. 1972b. 1985; Farrell-Beck. 1987; Farrell-Beck. Haviland. & Harding 1985-86; Haack & Farrell. 1980; Leisch 1995; Marendy. 1993; Mellor. et al.. 1991; Waugh 1964. 1968). With the exceptions of Arnold (1985). Haack and Farrell (1980). and Waugh (1964). the emphasis has been on women's clothing. rather than that of both sexes. In addition. many time periods have been unevenly represented in costume histories. leaving holes in the record. The clothing examined in most histories belonged to the European upper class (Fox & Cottrell. 1988). but living history museums on this continent usually concentrate on the American agrarian classes. Commercial historical patterns tend to conform to living history needs more closely. but are not always reliable tools for creating period-correct representational clothing for men and women: patterns may not fit properly. and sometimes do not reproduce period clothing accurately. The mediocrity of interpreter costume at living history museums may be due to this dearth of information on appropriate period clothing. Economic factors are another influence on the accuracy of clothing used in living history. Research. materials. and construction all require investments of time and money. Conscientious research must be done by each site to determine available and proper dress 3 for its own needs. Fabrics with historically suitable characteristics of fiber content. weight. weave and color are often expensive and hard to find. The yardage required for representational garments is frequently very large. especially compared to modern clothing. Finally. period-correct construction often requires unusual. time consuming sewing skills. with extensive hand work used on most garments. In addition. there is the question of requiring interpreters to wear representational clothing with its attendant discomforts and inconveniences (Campbell. 1995; Graf. 1993; Hall. 1993). From the modern point of view. clothing typical of the nineteenth century and earlier is excessively hot. heavy. and confining for both sexes. especially during the peak summer visitation season. To complicate the issue. little work has been done to discover which kinds of compromises were made from the fashionable styles for work clothing in the past. Obviously. the fine clothing depicted in fashion plates for paying calls was not worn to work the soil. but alternative possibilities have only rarely been considered (Helvenston. 1991). Few studies have been done on U.S. living history museums as a whole. and none has been done on the attitudes toward clothing as a part of historical interpretation. Information on how living history sites manage their clothing programs would be useful to two different groups: established living history museums looking for ways to improve their clothing programs. and museums or historical sites that are interested in using living history and starting a clothing program. An overview of the methods used by a number of sites shows the many different options utilized to procure clothing for interpreters. and 4 how they interact with the site's interpretation program as a whole. Based on this information, sites can make educated decisions about their own interpretation programs, and what place representational clothing will have in those programs. 1 will explore the reasons why museums use different levels of historical interpretation and standards of dress by interviewing administrators of living history museums and their clothing programs. Research Questions 1. Which kinds and combinations of historical interpretation are used at living history museums? Is there a favored kind of historical interpretation in the United States? 2. How do living history museums research representational clothing for costumed interpreters? 3. How do living history museums provide representational clothing for costumed interpreters? 4. How do living history museums maintain representational clothing for costumed interpreters? 5. How do living history museums establish