Direct-Digitalrf Modulator for Multi- Standard Radio Transmitters

Direct-Digitalrf Modulator for Multi- Standard Radio Transmitters

Departm en t of Micro an d Nan oscien ces Aa lto- Petr i E lor a n ta DD 18 6 Direct-Digital RF / 2014 Modulator for Multi- Direct-Digital RF Modulator for Multi-Standard Radio Transmitters Transmitters Radio Multi-Standard for Modulator RF Direct-Digital Standard Radio Transmitters Petri Eloranta 9HSTFMG*afjghj+ 9HSTFMG*afjghj+ ISBN 978-952-60-5967-9 (printed) BUSINESS + ISBN 978-952-60-5968-6 (pdf) ECONOMY ISSN-L 1799-4934 ISSN 1799-4934 (printed) ART + ISSN 1799-4942 (pdf) DESIGN + ARCHITECTURE Aalto Un iversity Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering SCIENCE + Department of Micro and Nanosciences TECHNOLOGY www.aalto.fi CROSSOVER DOCTORAL DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS DISSERTATIONS Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 186/2014 Direct-Digital RF Modulator for Multi- Standard Radio Transmitters Petri Eloranta A doctoral dissertation completed for the degree of Doctor of Science in Technology to be defended, with the permission of the Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering, at a public examination held at the lecture hall TU1 of the school on 8th of December 2014 at 13.00. Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering Department of Micro and Nanosciences Supervising professor Prof. Kari Halonen Preliminary examiners Prof. Timo Rahkonen, University of Oulu, Finland Ph.D. Hooman Darabi, Broadcom Corporation, CA, USA Opponent Dr. Jan Craninckx. IMEC, Belgium Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 186/2014 © Petri Eloranta ISBN 978-952-60-5967-9 (printed) ISBN 978-952-60-5968-6 (pdf) ISSN-L 1799-4934 ISSN 1799-4934 (printed) ISSN 1799-4942 (pdf) http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-60-5968-6 Unigrafia Oy Helsinki 2014 Finland Abstract Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, FI-00076 Aalto www.aalto.fi Author Petri Eloranta Name of the doctoral dissertation Direct-Digital RF Modulator for Multi-Standard Radio Transmitters Publisher School of Electrical Engineering Unit Department of Micro and Nanosciences Series Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 186/2014 Field of research Electronic Circuit Design Manuscript submitted 25 August 2014 Date of the defence 8 December 2014 Permission to publish granted (date) 22 October 2014 Language English Monograph Article dissertation (summary + original articles) Abstract The building blocks of wireless communication radio transmitters are encountering new design challenges due to the digital-driven evolution of CMOS technology. The continuously decreasing voltage headroom challenges the traditional circuit topologies, while the speed increase of the transistors enables new circuit innovations to benefit from the technology trend. In addition, the tendency of digitizing the analog functions in the transmitter signal chain pushes the digital/analog interface towards the antenna. The research work presented in this thesis concentrates on this challenge by introducing a new transmitter architecture, direct-digital RF modulator, which brings the D/A conversion in front of the power amplifier (PA). The thesis has three focus areas: D/A converter, IQ modulator, and direct-digital RF modulator. The research work summarizes the practical design considerations in order to provide the background knowledge and means required for the new transmitter architecture, which is based on combining the D/A conversion and IQ modulation into a single circuit block. The work is demonstrated with five circuit implementations that all focus on different aspects of the proposed architecture. The first two outline the key performance constrains of D/A converters. In order to overcome the limited matching performance of the transistors, a new DC linearity calibration technique was developed. The third circuit implementation demonstrates a direct conversion transmitter architecture targeted for a wide bandwidth radio system. The last two circuit implementations demonstrate the proposed transmitter architecture, which is constructed with two digital-to-RF converters performing quadrature modulation. In the introduced converter topology the D/A conversion and the up-conversion are applied for each of the unit digital signals individually, converting the input signal directly to the final frequency. Finally, the applicability of the architecture to a multi-standard radio transmitter was investigated by measuring the performance with signal vectors of different cellular and connectivity radio standards. Keywords D/A converter, IQ modulator, direct-digital RF modulator, transmitter ISBN (printed) 978-952-60-5967-9 ISBN (pdf) 978-952-60-5968-6 ISSN-L 1799-4934 ISSN (printed) 1799-4934 ISSN (pdf) 1799-4942 Location of publisher Helsinki Location of printing Helsinki Year 2014 Pages 157 urn http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-60-5968-6 Tiivistelmä Aalto-yliopisto, PL 11000, 00076 Aalto www.aalto.fi Tekijä Petri Eloranta Väitöskirjan nimi Suora digitaalinen RF -modulaattori usean standardin radiolähettimiin Julkaisija Sähkötekniikan korkeakoulu Yksikkö Mikro- ja nanotekniikan laitos Sarja Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 186/2014 Tutkimusala Piiritekniikka Käsikirjoituksen pvm 25.08.2014 Väitöspäivä 08.12.2014 Julkaisuluvan myöntämispäivä 22.10.2014 Kieli Englanti Monografia Yhdistelmäväitöskirja (yhteenveto-osa + erillisartikkelit) Tiivistelmä Piirilohkot kohtaavat langattoman viestinnän lähettimissä uusia suunnitteluhaasteita johtuen digitaalipiirivetoisesta CMOS-teknologian kehityksestä. Jatkuvasti pienenevät jännitemarginaalit haastavat perinteiset piirirakenteet, samalla kun transistorien nopeuden kasvu mahdollistaa teknologian kehitystä hyödyntäviä uusia piiriratkaisuja. Lisäksi suuntaus digitalisoida lähettimen analogiaosia siirtää digitaali-analogia rajapintaa lähemmäksi antennia. Tässä väitöskirjassa esitetty tutkimustyö keskittyy tähän haasteeseen esittelemällä uuden lähetinarkkitehtuurin, suoran digitaalisen RF -modulaattorin, joka tuo D/A -muunnoksen suoraan tehovahvistimen eteen. Väitöskirja koostuu kolmesta tutkimusalueesta: D/A -muunnin, kvadratuurimodulaattori ja suora digitaalinen RF -modulaattori. Tutkimustyö kokoaa yhteen käytännön suunnittelunäkökulmat tarjotakseen taustatiedon ja menetelmät joita uusi lähetinarkkitehtuuri, jossa yhdistyvät D/A -muunnin ja kvadratuurimodulaattori, edellyttää. Työ on kokeellisesti osoitettu viidellä esimerkkipiirillä, jotka keskittyvät uuden arkkitehtuurin eri osa-alueisiin. Ensimmäiset kaksi keskittyvät D/A -muuntimien suorituskyvyn rajoitteisiin. Transistorien epäsovituksesta aiheutuvien suorituskykyrajoitteiden parantamiseksi on kehitetty uusi kalibrointimenetelmä. Kolmas piiritoteutus esittelee suoramuunnoslähettimen laajakaistaiseen radiojärjestelmään. Kaksi viimeistä piiritoteutusta esittelevät tutkimuksessa kehitetyn lähetinarkkitehtuurin, joka on koostettu kahdesta digitaali/RF -muuntimesta jotka yhdessä muodostavat kvadratuurimodulaattorin. Esitetyssä muunninrakenteessa D/A -muunnos ja ylössekoitus suoritetaan jokaiselle digitaaliselle yksikkösignaalille erikseen, jolloin muunnos tapahtuu suoraan lähetystaajuudelle. Lopuksi, arkkitehtuurin soveltuvuutta usean standardin radiolähettimiin on tutkittu mittaamalla suorituskyky eri radiojärjestelmien signaaleilla. Avainsanat D/A -muunnin, kvadratuurimodulaattori, suora digitaalinen RF -modulaattori, lähetin ISBN (painettu) 978-952-60-5967-9 ISBN (pdf) 978-952-60-5968-6 ISSN-L 1799-4934 ISSN (painettu) 1799-4934 ISSN (pdf) 1799-4942 Julkaisupaikka Helsinki Painopaikka Helsinki Vuosi 2014 Sivumäärä 157 urn http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-60-5968-6 Preface The research work for this thesis was carried out at Nokia Research Cen- ter between 2001 and 2007. Finding enough time and energy to finalize this thesis while working full time in product development has not been easy, especially due to the instability in the industrial sector. Keeping the life in balance has always had the highest priority, which caused long de- lays to the writing process. Finally, when getting this done, I am happy to be able to share the findings and the way of thinking that led to the presented transmitter concept. I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Kari Halonen for his support during this long and fragmented writing process. I am also very grate- ful to my former superior Jukka Wallinheimo for giving me the opportu- nity and the freedom to work independently with this interesting research topic. The greatest gratitude belongs to Pauli Seppinen, the co-inventor of many of the circuit innovations presented in this thesis. Without those long and inspiring technical discussions this thesis would never have hap- pened. For all the valuable guidance in the academic aspects during this work I am grateful to D.Sc. Aarno Pärssinen. I also warmly thank Profes- sor Timo Rahkonen and Ph.D. Hooman Darabi for reviewing this thesis and for their comments and suggestions. I wish to thank all my former colleagues in Nokia for their contribution to the circuit implementations reported in this thesis, Kyllikki Aitamäki, Jaakko Pyykönen, Harri Heinimäki, Paavo Kosonen, Jarmo Koskinen, Sami Kallioinen and Tuomas Saarela. Especially Tom Ahola and Panu Siukonen are acknowledged for providing the evaluation setups and sig- nal vectors. In addition, I am grateful for all the exceptionally talented people I have had the privilege to work with during my career. My warmest gratitude goes to my parents, sisters, parents-in-law and friends for all their encouragement and the great moments we have shared. 1 Preface Especially Topi and Mia deserve to be mentioned. Above all, I want to thank

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