A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 105: 1–182 (2011) A revision of Selenops in America and the Carribean 1 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.105.724 MONOGRAPH www.zookeys.org Launched to accelerate biodiversity research A revision of the spider genus Selenops Latreille, 1819 (Arachnida, Araneae, Selenopidae) in North America, Central America and the Caribbean Sarah C. Crews Berkeley City College, 2050 Center Street, Berkeley, CA, 94704 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:216D356C-DE43-41F4-A7D9-EEB9DD2CD73F Corresponding author: Sarah C. Crews ([email protected]) Academic editor: Dmitry Logunov | Received 13 November 2010 | Accepted 18 April 2010 | Published 14 June 2011 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:74F68C91-9FD2-4399-9034-F46E7C140FA8 Citation: Crews SC (2011) A revision of the spider genus Selenops Latreille, 1819 (Arachnida, Araneae, Selenopidae) in North America, Central America and the Caribbean. ZooKeys 105: 1–182. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.105.724 Abstract The spider genus Selenops Latreille, 1819 occurs in both the Old World and New World tropics and sub- tropics and contains nearly half of the species in the family Selenopidae Simon, 1897. In this paper the members of the genus Selenops found in North America, Central America, and on islands of the Caribbean are revised, excluding Cuban endemics. No taxonomic changes are currently made to the species from the southwestern United States. In total, 21 new species are described, including S. arikok sp. n., S. chamela sp. n., S. amona sp. n., S. baweka sp. n., S. bocacanadensis sp. n., S. enriquillo sp. n, S. ixchel sp. n., S. hue- tocatl sp. n., S. kalinago sp. n., S. oviedo sp. n., S. morro sp. n., S. denia sp. n., S. duan sp. n., S. malinalx- ochitl sp. n., S. oricuajo sp. n., S. petenajtoy sp. n., S. guerrero sp. n., S. makimaki sp. n., S. souliga sp. n., S. wilmotorum sp. n., and S. wilsoni sp. n. Six species names were synonymized: Selenops lunatus Muma, 1953 syn. n. = S. candidus Muma, 1953; S. tehuacanus Muma 1953 syn. n., S. galapagoensis Banks, 1902 syn. n. and S. vagabundus Kraus, 1955 syn. n. = S. mexicanus Keyserling, 1880; S. santibanezi Valdez- Mondragón, 2010 syn. n. = S. nigromaculatus Keyserling, 1880; and S. salvadoranus Chamberlin, 1925 syn. n. = S. bifurcatus Banks, 1909. Lectotypes are designated for the following three species: S. marginalis F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 (♂), S. morosus Banks, 1898 (♂), and S. mexicanus Keyserling, 1880 (♀). The female neotype is designated for S. aissus Walckenaer, 1837. The males of S. bani Alayón-García, 1992 and S. marcanoi Alayón-García, 1992 are described for the first time, and the females of S. phaselus Muma, 1953 and S. geraldinae Corronca, 1996 are described for the first time. Almost all species are redescribed, barring Cuban endemics and a few species recently described. New illustrations are provided, including those of the internal female copulatory organs, many of which are illustrated for the first time. A key to species is also provided as are new distributional records. Copyright Sarah C Crews. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 2 Sarah C. Crews / ZooKeys 105: 1–182 (2011) Keywords new species, island, endemism, systematics, Mesoamerica, Selenops, Selenopidae Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................. 2 Materials and methods ............................................................................................. 4 Species groups .......................................................................................................... 7 Monophyly of species groups and the genus Selenops ................................................ 7 Taxonomy ................................................................................................................ 8 Family Selenopidae Simon, 1897 ....................................................................... 8 Genus Selenops Latreille, 1819 ............................................................................ 9 Key to species ................................................................................................... 10 Survey of species .............................................................................................. 16 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................... 134 References ............................................................................................................ 135 Appendix I: Plates ................................................................................................ 139 Maps .............................................................................................................. 139 Natural history ............................................................................................... 153 Appendix II: Index of new synonymies ................................................................. 181 Appendix III: Index of valid taxon names ............................................................. 181 Introduction Spiders of the family Selenopidae Simon, 1897, also known as wall crab spiders or flat- ties, have a cosmotropical distribution. They are exceptional in that both their running and striking speeds place them amongst the world’s fastest animals (Crews et al. 2008), and they are extremely dorsoventrally flattened (Figs 183–187). Prior to this work, the family currently comprises around 196 species in 5 genera (Corronca 1998; Platnick 2010): Anyphops Benoit, 1968, Garcorops Corronca, 2003, Hovops Benoit, 1968, Siam- spinops Dankittipakul & Corronca, 2009, and Selenops Latreille, 1819. The first three genera are distributed in Africa and Madagascar, and Siamspinops in Southeast Asia. Five new genera are currently being described for a total of nine genera (Crews and Harvey 2011). Selenops is distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics world- wide, and the majority of the species in the family are placed in this genus. Walckenaer (1837) first recognized three groups based on characteristics of the chelicerae, labium and leg lengths. These characters were not substantiated by Simon (1880), who at- tempted to divide the family into Old and New World groups based on eye size. Cor- ronca (1998, 2002) provided diagnoses of the genera, however there are many varia- tions. The monophyly of none of the genera has been formally tested. A revision of Selenops in America and the Carribean 3 In the Western Hemisphere, F. O. Pickard-Cambridge (1900) first distinguished species using eye size and position along with genitalic characters. Petrunkevitch (1925, 1930) divided these species into groups and described new species based on leg pro- portions. Muma (1953) established six subgeneric species groups for species occurring from North and Central America and the Caribbean based on leg lengths, eye size and position, and genitalic characters. Current authors (Alayón-García 1992, 2001, 2003, 2005; Valdez-Mondragón 2007, 2010) still use these characters and groupings despite variation and species that do not fit into any group. While selenopids are quite common in certain areas and are relatively large, mu- seum collections of this family are often depauperate (Corronca 1998). As with most spiders, many species of the family are known from either a single male or single female specimen, known only from the type, many of which were collected over 100 years ago. Sexes can be difficult to match and even if two sexes were collected at the same place at the same time, this does not guarantee they are the same species, as many species have overlapping distributions. I have found that the best ways to determine if certain males and females are the same species are collecting both sexes from multiple localities, and use of independent data, such as DNA or other genetic data. Revisionary and descriptive work for Anyphops, Hovops and Garcorops has been done by Lawrence (1940), Benoit (1968), and more recently by Corronca (1996, 2000, 2003, 2005). The genus Selenops has been revised primarily by region, with the African species examined by Lawrence (1940, 1942), Benoit (1968), and Corronca (2001, 2002), and the South American species revised by Corronca (1996, 1998). In the West Indies and Central America, the last major revisionary work was conducted by Muma (1953), while Alayón-García (1992, 2001, 2003, 2005) revised the species in Cuba, and has completed other regional descriptions. Only a few species have been described from México (Valdez-Mondragón 2007, 2010) since Muma’s (1953) work. The Asian and Australian species are concurrently being revised and described (Crews and Harvey 2011), but are still in need of collection, as only a handful are in museums and have been described (Simon 1901; Gravely 1931; Reimoser 1934; Tikader 1969). Here a taxonomic revision of Selenops from Greater North America, including Mé- xico, Central America and the Caribbean islands, except for Cuba, is presented. Twenty one new species are described, and the first descriptions of 2 males and 2 females from previously described species are included. Also, 6 species names are synonymized and comprehensive locality records are provided allowing a more thorough examination of distributional data. Additionally, valuable natural history data, and new illustrations,