This is the Article Headline First Last Jon Ross (zlsadesign.com) Moon Direct A Purpose-Driven Plan to Open the Lunar Frontier Robert Zubrin The American human spaceflight program, armed with a clear goal, stormed heaven in the 1960s. But for almost a half-century since, it has been adrift, spending vast sums of money with no serious objective beyond keeping various constituencies and vendors satisfied. If it is to accomplish anything, it needs a real goal. Ideally, that goal should be sending humans to Mars within a decade. But after all these years of stagnation and bureaucratization, NASA lacks the will to attempt such a feat. A second-best alternative — one that could potentially transform NASA back into the can-do agency it once was, and that it needs to be again if it is ever to attempt to reach Mars — is to reverse the retreat by reopening the lunar frontier. For this reason, the Trump administration has announced that it has set such a goal, to wit, that America should return to the Moon, this time to stay. Robert Zubrin, a New Atlantis contributing editor, is president of Pioneer Astronautics and of the Mars Society. An updated edition of his book The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must was published in 2011 by The Free Press. 14 ~ The New Atlantis Copyright 2018. All rights reserved. Print copies available at TheNewAtlantis.com/BackIssues. Moon Direct Unfortunately, there is no evidence that this putative goal is meaning- fully driving the administration’s actions. Rather, the administration is funding NASA at roughly the same levels as the Obama and Bush adminis- trations, while also continuing to approve the agency’s wasteful investment in useless projects. Astonishingly wasteful is NASA’s work on the Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway (formerly known as the Deep Space Gateway). The gateway is a planned space station that will orbit the Moon, suppos- edly serving as an outpost for human explorations to the Moon, Mars, and deep space. NASA’s Orion spacecraft will serve as the module for crews to travel back and forth between the gateway and Earth. The agency current- ly projects that Orion would take its first crew around the Moon by 2023, while Vice President Pence has recently stated a goal of putting astronauts on the gateway by the end of 2024. Essentially, the gateway is a vestigial form of the Obama adminis- tration’s defunct and discredited Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM). As NASA describes it, ARM’s aim was “to develop a robotic spacecraft to visit a large near-Earth asteroid, collect a multi-ton boulder from its surface and redirect the boulder into orbit around the moon, where astro- nauts would have explored it and returned to Earth with samples.” The Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway is the ARM except with a space station instead of an asteroid, all to come up with something for astronauts to do in lunar orbit. The idea is silly. There is no need to have a space station circling the Moon in order to go to the Moon or Mars or anywhere else. And there is not much research worth doing in lunar orbit that can’t already be done on the International Space Station, in Earth orbit, or with lunar probes and robots. NASA claims the gateway would create an opportunity to test state-of-the-art propulsion, communication, and other technologies at a greater distance from Earth; tele-operated rovers could be sent from the gateway to the Moon; and planets and stars could be observed from a dif- ferent vantage than from the ISS or current telescopes. But none of these activities requires human presence in lunar orbit. These are not reasons for having a gateway, but rationalizations.1 Like the ISS and the space shuttle but much more so, the gateway is a means in search of an end. If the space shuttle was a tragedy, the gateway is a farce. Even when we do go — initially only once per year for as little as 30 days at a time, says the agency — having crews stop at the gateway en route to the Moon will have no purpose other than justifying the gateway, but will hamper such missions by adding to their propulsion requirements. It will cost tens of billions of dollars, both up front for Summer/Fall 2018 ~ 15 Copyright 2018. All rights reserved. Print copies available at TheNewAtlantis.com/BackIssues. Robert Zubrin construction and later for maintenance, sapping funds and delaying any real accomplishments for many years without adding any meaningful capability. When we could be going directly to the Moon or Mars, the Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway is a pointless project, more aptly named the Lunar Orbit Tollbooth. If we want to explore the Moon, and prepare to go beyond, we don’t need a space station in lunar orbit — but we could use a base on the Moon itself. A Moon base would be much more than a stopping point; it could also be a site for producing hydrogen – oxygen rocket propellant from water on the Moon. This is a powerful propellant that has been a mainstay of rockets for decades, used by the Saturn V and the space shuttle. After years of scientific speculation that there may be deposits of frozen water in permanently shadowed craters near the Moon’s poles, a study published just this August provided the first definitive proof of water ice in the craters, finding that in some areas it may be present in concentrations of 30 percent by weight in the topmost layer of soil. Mining this water and electrolyzing it into hydrogen and oxygen would allow vehicles to refu- el on the Moon. This would provide the means not only to return from the Moon, but also to travel from place to place on the Moon, thereby markedly lowering the ongoing cost and increasing the capability of a sustained lunar exploration program. What we need is a plan for establishing a propellant production base on the lunar surface and sending humans back and forth, using technol- ogy we already have or could readily create within the next few years. In particular, the recent spectacular success of SpaceX’s reusable Falcon Heavy rocket, first launched in February and offering a much lower per- pound cost than previous launchers, opens up dramatic new possibilities for establishing an ongoing crewed lunar mission on the cheap. NASA has for years been building its own massive rocket, the Space Launch System (SLS), which is projected to cost the agency over $2 billion per year for the next five years and is currently scheduled to first fly in 2020. But the Falcon Heavy and the smaller Falcon 9 — both already flying — put the goal of a Moon base within reach, and at a much lower price. By choosing to establish a base on the Moon, we can restore the confi- dence of the human spaceflight program and enable it to take on the great- er challenges awaiting us on Mars and beyond. We can reaffirm our iden- tity as a nation of pioneers and make a powerful statement that the future belongs to the forces of liberty by once again astounding the world with what free people can do. We can do this all — if we proceed with purpose. 16 ~ The New Atlantis Copyright 2018. All rights reserved. Print copies available at TheNewAtlantis.com/BackIssues. Moon Direct Global Mobility on the Moon The most important step in any engineering program is to define its requirements. While it is essential to design things right, before that we must make sure we design the right thing. Therefore, if our goal is to cre- ate a transportation system enabling the exploration and development of the Moon, we need to start by considering what the Moon is like, and what is required to support a sustainable and effective human presence there. The Moon is not a small place. It is a world with a surface area larger than the continent of Africa. Its terrain is rough, roadless, and riverless, so astronauts cannot effectively explore it using surface vehicles. Lunar explorers are going to need to fly. While it is theoretically possible that multitudes of locations on the Moon could be visited by launching scores of missions directly from Earth, the cost of doing this would be astro- nomical. This is why we need to create a base that can produce propellant on the Moon, and thereby support the operation of a rocket-propelled flight vehicle enabling global exploration by repeated sorties, with only occasional missions from Earth being required to resupply consumables and switch out crews. Where should such a base be located? The Moon’s poles are ideal not only because they have nearby permanently shadowed craters with water, but because they also feature near-permanently illuminated high- lands offering reliable access to solar energy. The poles are thus the clear favorites for a base, as they provide both the raw material and the energy source necessary to manufacture hydrogen – oxygen rocket propellant. The top requirement for effective exploration of the Moon is the mobility of our lunar explorers, which can be enabled using a system we are going to call a Lunar Excursion Vehicle (“LEV” from now on). The LEV, which will use liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen for propellant, is in many ways the centerpiece of the Moon Direct plan we will present here. As we will see, the multiple functions of the LEV, along with our ability to produce propellant for it on site, are the keys to creating a human lunar exploration program at far lower cost than NASA’s current plan, and doing it with launch vehicles that are already available.