TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume I A. INTRODUCTION A-1 B. HISTORY OF SUBURBANIZATION B-1 B.1 General History of Suburbanization B-1 B.1.1 Agricultural-Industrial Transition Period (1815-1870) B-1 B.1.2 Industrial/Urban Dominance Period (1870-1930) B-3 B.1.3 Modern Period (1930-1960) B-7 B.2 History of Suburbanization in Maryland B-13 B.2.1 Agricultural-Industrial Transition Period (1815-1870) B-13 B.2.2 Industrial/Urban Dominance Period (1870-1930) B-14 B.2.3 Modern Period (1930-1960) B-16 B.3 History of Suburbanization in the Washington, D.C. Area B-22 B.3.1 Agricultural-Industrial Transition Period (1815-1870) B-22 B.3.2 Industrial/Urban Dominance Period (1870-1930) B-26 B.3.3 Modern Period (1930-1960) B-41 C. ARCHITECTURAL STYLE AND COMMUNITY DESIGN IN THE SUBURBS C-1 C.1 Development Patterns in the Suburbs C-1 C.1.1 Agricultural-Industrial Transition Period (1815-1870) C-1 C.1.2 Industrial/Urban Dominance Period (1870-1930) C-4 C.1.3 Modern Period (1930-1960) C-14 C.2 Architecture in the Suburbs C-19 C.2.1 Agricultural-Industrial Transition Period (1815-1870) C-19 C.2.2 Industrial/Urban Dominance Period (1870-1930) C-22 C.2.3 Modern Period (1930-1960) C-26 D. IDENTIFICATION OF SUBURBAN PROPERTY TYPES D-1 D.1 Community Types D-1 D.1.1 Unplanned Suburban Neighborhoods and Isolated Residences D-2 D.1.2 Planned Suburban Neighborhoods D-6 D.1.3 Planned Suburban Development D-11 D.2 Residential Styles and Forms D-15 D.2.1 Agricultural-Industrial Transition Period (1815-1870) D-16 D.2.2 Industrial/Urban Dominance Period (1870-1930) D-17 D.2.3 Modern Period (1930-1960) D-21 D.2.4 Significance Assessment D-23 i D.2.5 Character-Defining Elements D-25 D.3 Non-Residential Property Types D-43 D.3.1 Commercial Business Districts and Industrial Properties D-43 D.3.2 Community Buildings D-55 D.3.3 Federal Facilities D-66 D.3.4 Recreation/Conservation Areas D-70 E. SURVEY AND EVALUATION METHODOLOGY E-1 E.1 Research Previous Survey Records, Historic Maps, and E-1 Community Histories E.2 Reconnaissance Survey E-2 E.3 Consultation with the Maryland Historical Trust on Scope E-2 of Intensive Survey Establishing Survey Levels E.3.1 Documentation on a Maryland Inventory of Historic Properties Form E-3 E.3.2 Documentation on a Determination of Eligibility (DOE) Form E-3 E.4 Intensive Survey E-4 E.4.1 Maryland Inventory of Historic Properties Form E-4 E.4.2 Determination of Eligibility Form E-5 F. BIBLIOGRAPHY F-1 APPENDIX A: RECONNAISSANCE SPREADSHEETS FOR CAPITAL BELTWAY HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENTS APPENDIX B: LIST OF DEVELOPER AND ARCHITECTS ASSOCIATED WITH WASHINGTON, D.C. SUBURBAN COMMUNITIES IN MARYLAND APPENDIX C: PROPOSED EXPANDED NATIONAL REGISTER CRITERIA 1949-1960 Volume II APPENDIX D: COMMUNITY SUMMARIES ii LIST OF FIGURES 1 Project Study Area A-3 2 Detail, 1794 Map of Maryland B-24 3 Detail, 1856 Map of Maryland B-25 4 Map 1 of 3: Map Key B-28 4 Map 2 of 3: Map of the Washington, D.C. Area, 1885 B-29 4 Map 3 of 3: Map of the Washington, D.C. Area, 1885 B-30 5 Map 1 of 6: Map Key B-33 5 Map 2 of 6: Map of the Washington, D. C. Area, 1917 B-34 5 Map 3 of 6: Map of the Washington, D. C. Area, 1917 B-35 5 Map 4 of 6: Map of the Washington, D. C. Area, 1917 B-36 5 Map 5 of 6: Map of the Washington, D. C. Area, 1917 B-37 5 Map 6 of 6: Map of the Washington, D. C. Area, 1917 B-38 6 Map 1 of 6: Map Key B-43 6 Map 2 of 6: Map of the Washington, D. C. Area, 1944 B-44 6 Map 3 of 6: Map of the Washington, D. C. Area, 1944 B-45 6 Map 4 of 6: Map of the Washington, D. C. Area, 1944 B-46 6 Map 5 of 6: Map of the Washington, D. C. Area, 1944 B-47 6 Map 6 of 6: Map of the Washington, D. C. Area, 1944 B-48 7 Map 1 of 7: Map Key B-49 7 Map 2 of 7: Map of the Washington, D. C. Area, 1965 B-50 7 Map 3 of 7: Map of the Washington, D. C. Area, 1965 B-51 7 Map 4 of 7: Map of the Washington, D. C. Area, 1965 B-52 7 Map 5 of 7: Map of the Washington, D. C. Area, 1965 B-53 7 Map 6 of 7: Map of the Washington, D. C. Area, 1965 B-54 iii 7 Map 7 of 7: Map of the Washington, D. C. Area, 1965 B-55 8 Street Patterns Through Time C-2 9 Riverside, Illinois Plan C-5 10 Howard’s Garden City Plan C-7 11 Modernist Superblock C-10 12 Radburn, New Jersey Plan C-11 13 Perry’s Neighborhood Plan C-12 14 Greenbelt, Maryland Plan C-15 15 ULI Standards Illustration C-16 16 ITE Standards Illustration C-18 17 Brightwood: Unplanned Neighborhood D-4 18 1899 Plat of Brentwood Subdivision D-8 19 Kenwood: Planned Development D-13 iv LIST OF PLATES 1 Residential-style Gas Station C-24 2 “Streamlined” Diner C-27 3 Standard Modern Shopping Center C-28 4 “Signature” Building C-29 5 Row House D-25 6 I-House D-26 7 Vernacular Residence D-27 8 Victorian-era Houses: Italianate D-28 9 Victorian-era Houses: Queen Anne D-29 10 Victorian-era Houses: Shingle D-30 11 Victorian-era Houses: Folk Victorian D-31 12 Colonial Revival-style House D-32 13 Tudor Revival-style House D-33 14 Four-Square D-34 15 Bungalow D-35 16 Cape Cod D-36 17 Ranch Dwelling D-37 18 Split-level House D-38 19 Minimal Traditional D-39 20 Pattern-Book/Mail-Order/Pre-fabricated House D-40 21 Double House/Duplex D-41 22 Apartment Building D-42 23 Vernacular Commercial Building D-47 24 Function-specific Commercial Building D-48 v 25 Industrial Building D-49 26 Bank D-50 27 Shopping Center D-51 28 Office Building D-52 29 Movie Theater D-53 30 Gas Station D-54 31 Municipal Building D-59 32 Fire Station D-60 33 Library D-60 34 Post Office D-61 35 Religious Facility D-62 36 School D-63 37 Colleges and Universities D-64 38 Hospitals D-65 39 Federal Facility D-69 40 Country Club D-73 41 Amusement Park D-74 42 Parkway D-75 vi INTRODUCTION The geographical area for this project is Maryland’s 42-mile section of the I-95/I- 495 Capital Beltway. The historic context was developed for applicability in the broad area encompassed within the Beltway. The survey of historic resources was applied to a more limited corridor along I-495, where resources abutting the Beltway ranged from neighborhoods of simple Cape Cods to large-scale Colonial Revival neighborhoods. The process of preparing this Suburbanization Context consisted of: • conducting an initial reconnaissance survey to establish the extant resources in the project area; • developing a history of suburbanization, including a study of community design in the suburbs and building patterns within them; • defining and delineating anticipated suburban property types; • developing a framework for evaluating their significance; • proposing a survey methodology tailored to these property types; • and conducting a survey and National Register evaluation of resources within the limited corridor along I-495. The historic context was planned and executed according to the following goals: • to briefly cover the trends which influenced suburbanization throughout the United States and to illustrate examples which highlight the trends; • to present more detail in statewide trends, which focused on Baltimore as the primary area of earliest and typical suburban growth within the state; • and, to focus at a more detailed level on the local suburbanization development trends in the Washington, D.C. suburbs, particularly the Maryland counties of Montgomery and Prince George’s. Although related to transportation routes such as railroad lines, trolley lines, and highways and freeways, the location and layout of Washington’s suburbs were influenced by the special nature of the Capital city and its dependence on a growing bureaucracy and not the typical urban industrial base. The historic context was developed with the intent that it could be used for any type of survey within the broad area that included suburban resources built through the defined modern period. While the survey of historic resources stopped at the construction date of 1953, the historic context was extended through 1960 in order that its applicability would extend another ten years after completion. Within the historic context, the history of suburbanization was structured to fit within the Chronological/Developmental Periods defined by the Maryland Historical Trust, the applicable periods being the Agricultural-Industrial Transition Period (1815-1870), the Industrial/Urban Dominance Period (1870-1930) and the Modern Period (1930-1960). a a Through historic map research, neighborhoods/communities were identified within the broad project area. Further research was conducted and a set of community profiles in the broad project area was established—these were presented in a format termed “community summary sheets”. These community summary sheets are located in Volume II.