A STUDY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS IN PAPANASAM TALUK, THANJAVUR DISTRICT – TAMIL NADU A thesis submitted to BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY for the award of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ECONOMICS By S. KAMARAJ, M.A., M.Phil., (Ref.No. 25492/Ph.D.2/Economi/Part-Time/Re-Regn/January 2012) Under the guidance of Dr. I. MADALAIMARY, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., M.Ed., P.G.D.E., M.B.A., H.O.D. and Associate Professor (Rtd.) P.G. AND RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS KUNDAVAI NACHIYAAR GOVT. ARTS COLLEGE FOR WOMEN (AUTONOMOUS), THANJAVUR-613 007 TAMIL NADU (INDIA) JULY 2014 Dr. I. MADALAIMARY, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., M.Ed., P.G.D.E., M.B.A., H.O.D. and Associate Professor (Rtd.), P.G. and Research Department of Economics, Kundavai Nachiyaar Govt. Arts College for Women (Autonomous), Thanjavur-613 007. Date : CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled A STUDY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS IN PAPANASAM TALUK, THANJAVUR DISTRICT – TAMIL NADU submitted by Mr.S.KAMARAJ, P.G. and Research Department of Economics, Kundavai Nachiyaar Govt. Arts College for Women (Autonomous), Thanjavur, is a bonafide record of research work done by him under my guidance as a part- time research scholar and that the thesis has not previously formed the basis for the award to the candidate of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or other similar titles. The thesis represents the independent work on the part of the candidate. (I. MADALAIMARY) Research Adviser Mr. S. KAMARAJ, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. Research Scholar, P.G. and Research Department of Economics, Kundavai Nachiyaar Govt. Arts College (W), (Autonomous) Thanjavur -7. DECLARATION I hereby declare that this work entitled A STUDY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS IN PAPANASAM TALUK, THANJAVUR DISTRICT – TAMIL NADU has been carried out originally by me under the guidance and supervision of Dr.I. MADALAIMARY, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., M.Ed., P.G.D.E., M.B.A., HOD and Associate Professor (Rtd.), P.G. and Research Department of Economics, Kundavai Nachiyaar Govt. Arts College, (W), Thanjavur -7 and this work has not been submitted either in whole or in part for any degree at any university. Place : Thanjavur Date : (S. KAMARAJ) Research Scholar ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Almighty God’s grace and mercy and the determined support and enlightened guidance of a number of persons enabled me to complete this research work. I am indebted to my guide Dr. I. Madalaimary, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., M.Ed., P.G.D.E., M.B.A., HOD and Associate professor (Rtd.), K.N.G. Arts College for Women (A), Thanjavur, for her constant encouragement was a source of inspiration to me to finish the work on time. For all these I acknowledge her series with great sense of gratitude and academic fidelity. I wish to thank profoundly to Dr. P.R. Uma Rani, M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., Ph.D., Principal of K.N.G. Arts College for Women (A), Thanjavur, for her valuable suggestions in writing my thesis. I am thankful to Miss. C. Chitradevi, Head of the Department of Economics, Kunthavai Nachiyaar Govt. Arts College for Women (A), Thanjavur, for her encouragement. I specially thank the external members of my Doctoral Committee, Dr. J. Govindhadass, Principal, Government Arts and Science College, Karambakkudi, for his academic help and his contribution towards the selection of this research topic. I express my hearty thanks to Mr. Elammaruthy, Papanasam Taluk Office, for giving related data for finishing the thesis in time. On the home front, I sincerely thank my wife Mrs. U. Jamuna, M.A., M.Phil., Lecturer in Economics, Thiru.Vi.Ka.Govt. Arts College, Thiruvarur, my father Mr. N. Singaram, my mother S. Lakshmi who have helped me in writing my thesis. I thank Mr. and Mrs. Nagarajan, Nagu computers for having typed the thesis in the present format. S. Kamaraj LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page No. 2.1. Agricultural households indebtedness 25 2.2. Population workers 33 2.3. Work participation rate 1981-1991 34 2.4. Women labour in employment 34 3.1. Initial stock and change in share of farm sector state-wise in 90 the rural sector (1981 to 2002) 3.2. Provisional population literates totals – Papanasam Taluk – 101 Census 2011 3.3. Papanasam taluk 104 5.1.1. Number of different groups of agricultural labourers in 113 Ammapet block during 2010-2011 5.1.2. Number of different groups of agricultural labourers in 116 Papanasam block during 2010-11 5.1.3. Number of panchayats and different groups of agricultural 119 labourers in Ammapet block during 2012-13 5.1.4. Number of panchayats and different groups of agricultural 122 labourers in Papanasam block during 2012-13 5.1.5. Different groups of sample agricultural labourers in 125 Ammapet block and Papanasam block during 2010-2011 5.1.6. Different groups of sample agricultural labourers in 127 Ammapet block and Papanasam block during 2012-13. 5.1.7. Community wise distribution of different groups of 129 agricultural labourers in Ammapet block and Papanasam block in the study area during 2010-11 5.1.8. Community wise distribution of different groups of 132 agricultural labourers in Ammapet block and Papanasam block in the study area during 2012-2013 5.1.9. Religion wise distribution of agricultural labourers in the 134 study area during 2010-11 5.1.10. Religion wise distribution of different groups of agricultural 137 labourers in Ammapet block and Papanasam block during 2012-2013 5.1.11. Age wise distribution of Sample agricultural labourers in 140 Ammapet block and Papanasam block in 2010-2011 Table Title Page No. 5.1.12. Age wise distribution of sample agricultural labourers in 142 Ammapet block and Papanasam block during 2012-2013 5.1.13. Marital Status of different groups of agricultural labourers in 144 Ammapet block and Papanasam block during 2010-11 5.1.14. Marital Status of different groups of agricultural labourers in 146 Ammapet block and Papanasam block during 2012-13 5.1.15. Education wise distribution of different groups of agricultural 148 labourers in Ammapet block during 2010-11 5.1.16. Education wise distribution of different groups of agricultural 150 labourers in Ammapet block during 2012-13 5.1.17. Size of the family of agricultural labourers and relationship 152 with respondent of other family members in Ammapet block during 2010-11 5.1.18. Size of the family of agricultural labourers and relationship 154 with the respondent and other family members in Ammapet block and Papanasam block during 2012-13 5.1.19. Intoxicant taking habit of male agricultural labourers among 156 the groups in the study area during 2010-11 5.1.20. Intoxicant drinks taking habit of different groups male 158 agricultural labourers in study area during 2012-13 5.1.21. Tobacco Betelnut chewing and cigarette or Beedy smoking 160 habits of different groups of male and female agricultural labourers in the study area during 2010-11 5.1.22. Tobacco Betelnut chewing and cigarette or Beedy smoking 163 habits of different groups of male and female agricultural labourers in the study area during 2012-13 5.1.23. Family planning taken by different groups of agricultural 166 labourers in study area during 2010-11 5.1.24. Family planning taken by different groups of female 168 agricultural labourers in the study area during 2012-13 5.1.25. Social status of different groups of agricultural labourers in 170 the study area during 2012-13 5.2.1. Annual number of working days available in agriculture to 173 different groups of male and female agricultural labourers in the study area during 2010-11 5.2.2. Annual number of working days available in agriculture to 176 different groups of male and female agricultural labourers in the study area during 2012-13 Table Title Page No. 5.2.3. Annual wage income earned by both male and female 180 individual agricultural labour in agriculture in the study area during 2010-11 5.2.4. Annual wage income earned by individual male and female 183 individual agricultural labour in agriculture in the study area during 2012-13 5.2.5. Total amount of annual wage income earned by male and 187 female sample agricultural labourers through agriculture in the study area during 2010-11 5.2.6. Total amount of annual wage income earned by male and 190 female sample agricultural labourers through agriculture in the study area during 2012-13 5.2.7. Annual individual income of male and female agricultural 194 labourers in allied activities in the study area during 2010-11 5.2.8. Annual individual income of male and female agricultural 197 labourers in allied activities in the study area during 2012-13 5.2.9. Total annual allied income earned by different groups of 199 agricultural labourers in the study area during 2010-11 5.2.10. Total annual allied income earned by different groups of 201 agricultural labourers through allied activities in the study area during 2012-13 5.2.11. Annual individual other income earned by male and female 204 agricultural labourers in the study area during 2010-11 5.2.12. Annual individual other income earned by male and female 207 agricultural labourers in the study area during 2012-13 5.2.13. Annual total other income earned by different group of male 210 and female agricultural labourers in the study area during 2010-11 5.2.14. Annual total others income earned by different group of male 213 and female agricultural labourers in study area during 2012- 13 5.2.15.