FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER 5, 2019 GUIDELINES AND BEST PRACTICES FOR CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS IN CONNECTICUT STATE WATERS PREPARED FOR STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICE 450 COLUMBUS BOULEVARD, SUITE 5 HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT 06103 R. CHRISTOPHER GOODWIN & ASSOCIATES, INC. 241 EAST FOURTH STREET, SUITE 100 . FREDERICK, MD 21701 Guidelines and Best Practices for Cultural Resources Investigations in Connecticut State Waters Final Report ___________________________________ R. Christopher Goodwin, Ph.D. Principal Investigator by R. Christopher Goodwin, James S. Schmidt, Justin Lev-Tov, and Daniel J. Grose R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. 241 E. Fourth Street, Suite 100 Frederick, Maryland 21701 September 2019 for State Historic Preservation Office 450 Columbus Boulevard, Suite 5 Hartford, Connecticut 06103 Abstract his report develops draft guidelines for ment treatment plans to avoid or mitigate adverse submerged archaeological resources in- impacts to submerged cultural resources. The Tvestigations in Connecticut coastal waters programs of the 14 states described herein repre- to direct and assist compliance efforts pursuant sent different coastal regions of the United States, to Section 106 of the National Historic Preserva- as well as differing approaches to submerged cul- tion Act of 1966, as amended (Full Citation), and tural resource management. The report notes the with Connecticut’s counterpart statutes contained states’ and agencies’ varying approaches to sub- in CGS § 10-321q and CGS § 10-409. It also pro- merged resources, as well as their strengths and vides a comparative review of guidelines and per- weaknesses. Although most of the state programs mitting requirements for coastal states and fed- reviewed in this document have very specific re- eral agencies as a contextual backdrop and to un- quirements for conducting underwater cultural derline best practices relevant to the development resources investigations, only about half of these of Connecticut guidelines. The draft guidelines programs are overseen by professional maritime also draw heavily upon applied knowledge of the archaeology staff. In addition, while most states tools, techniques, and methodologies of contem- and federal agencies have permitting programs, porary geophysical and geotechnical survey as permit requirements vary widely. Such variation they apply to submerged cultural resources iden- exists both in terms of whether the governmental tification and evaluation. Technical guidance also bodies have published guidelines regarding re- is provided with reference to assessing the eligi- quirements for all phases of submerged resource bility of submerged cultural resources for listing investigations, and in specifications related to re- on the National Register of Historic Places. mote sensing equipment and methodologies such This report specifically reviews the ap- as survey track-line spacing. The approach pro- proaches that federal agencies (i.e., three districts vided here for the State of Connecticut to con- of the United States Army Corps of Engineers sider is flexible, so that the parameters of under- and the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management) water archeological investigations can be readily and 14 states have developed to control underwa- established on a case-by-case basis in response to ter archaeological work in their jurisdictions, to project applications. Finally, and as part of this identify and evaluate submerged cultural resourc- review, relevant federal statutes and applicable es, to consider effects to identified historic prop- National Park Service bulletins are reviewed to erties (sensu 336 CFR Part 800), and to imple- aid in integrity assessments of shipwrecks. ii R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release Acronyms and Abbreviations A AAUS American Academy of Underwater Scientists ADCI Association for Diving Contractors International APE Area of Potential Effect ATON Aid to Navigation AWOIS Automated Wreck and Obstruction Information System B BOEM Bureau of Ocean Energy Management BUAR Bureau of Underwater Archaeological Resources C CA California CFR Code of Federal Regulations CT Connecticut CRIS Cultural Resource Information System *.csv comma separated value D DAHP Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation *.dbf database file DCR Division of Cultural Resources DE Delaware DGPS Differential Global Positioning System DHEC Department of Health and Environmental Control DHP Division for Historic Preservation DHR Division of Historical Resources DNR Department of Natural Resources DP Dynamic Positioning E ENC Electronic Navigation Charts EPA Environmental Protection Agency F ft feet G GIS Geographic Information System GP General Permit Guide The Guide for Public Archeology in Wisconsin γ gamma iii R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release Acronyms and Abbreviations H HDD Horizontal Directional Drilling HDPE high-density polyethylene HI Hawaii Hz hertz K kHz kilohertz km Kilometers km2 Square kilometers L Louisiana LA M m meters MA Massachusetts MD Maryland MET Meteorological MHC Massachusetts Historical Commission MHT Maryland Historical Trust MMAP Maryland Maritime Archaeology Program N NAD North American Datum NAUI National Association of Underwater Instructors NAVD North American Vertical Datum NC North Carolina NEPA National Environmental Policy Act NHPA National Historic Preservation Act NHRP National Register of Historic Places NJ New Jersey NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NPS National Park Service NRHP National Register of Historic Places nT nano-Tesla NTL Notice to Lessees NY New York NY SHPO New York State Historic Preservation Office O OCS Outer Continental Shelf OCSLA Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act OPRD Oregon Parks and Recreation Department OREP Office of Renewable Energy Programs OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration iv R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release Acronyms and Abbreviations P PADI Professional Association of Diving Instructors PI Principal Investigator PNF Project Notification Form Q QMA Qualified Marine Archaeologist R RCG&A R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. RI Rhode Island RIHPHC Rhode Island Historical Preservation & Heritage Commission ROV Remote-Operated Vehicle S SC South Carolina SCIAA South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology SCUBA Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus *.shp shapefile SHPO State Historic Preservation Office SOI Secretary of the Interior sq mi square miles SSI Scuba Schools International T TAC Texas Administrative Code TBD to be determined THC Texas Historical Commission *.tif tagged image format *.txt text file U UAB Underwater Archaeology Branch UHMWE ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene pipes U.S. United States USACE United States Army Corps of Engineers USCG United States Coast Guard USDOI United States Department of the Interior V VA Virginia W WAC Washington Administrative Code v R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc. Contains Privileged Information -- Do Not Release Table of Contents Abstract . ii Acronyms and Abbreviations . iii. List of Tables . viii I . Introduction . 1 Introduction....................................................................1 II . Comparative Review of Agency Regulations for Submerged Archaeological Resource Assessments . 2 Introduction....................................................................2 Federal Regulations .............................................................2 Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Office of Renewable Energy Programs ...............3 Gulf of Mexico OCS Regions ...............................................3 The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers .................................................4 USACE, New York District.................................................4 USACE, Philadelphia District ...............................................4 USACE, Mobile District ...................................................4 Overview of Underwater Archaeology State Programs ..................................4 Atlantic Region.................................................................5 Massachusetts ...........................................................5 Rhode Island ............................................................7 New York ...............................................................7 Delaware ...............................................................8 Maryland ...............................................................9 North Carolina ...........................................................9 South Carolina ..........................................................10 Florida ................................................................11 Gulf of Mexico Region..........................................................12 Louisiana ..............................................................12 Texas .................................................................12 Great Lakes Region ............................................................13 Wisconsin..............................................................13 Michigan ..............................................................14 Pacific Region.................................................................15 Washington ............................................................15 Oregon ................................................................15 California ..............................................................16