Trafficking in and smuggling of human beings Combating social fraud to prevent trafficking in human beings ANNUAL REPORT 2010 Centre for Equal Opportunities and Opposition to Racism Contents PART I: DEVELOPMENTS OF THE PHENOMENON AND THE COMBAT AGAINST TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS CHAPTER 1: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................................. 9 1. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE EUROPEAN LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK ...................... 9 1.1. New European directive on trafficking in human beings ........................................................ 9 1.1.1. Review .................................................................................................................................................. 9 1.1.2. Reasons for this new legislation ......................................................................................................... 11 1.1.3. The main provisions of the new directive ........................................................................................... 12 A. Provisions of substantive criminal law (articles 2 to 8 of the directive) .......................................... 12 B. Jurisdiction and prosecution (articles 9 and 10 of the directive) ...................................................... 16 C. Assistance and support for victims (article 11)................................................................................ 17 D. Victim protection in criminal proceedings (article 12) .................................................................... 18 E. Child victims (articles 13 to 16) ...................................................................................................... 19 F. Prevention (article 18) ..................................................................................................................... 21 G. Monitoring mechanisms (article 19) ................................................................................................ 21 1.2. The Belgian Presidency of the European Union ................................................................... 23 1.2.1. Multidisciplinary approach to trafficking in human beings ............................................................... 23 1.2.2. Trafficking in human beings for the purposes of labour exploitation ................................................ 25 1.3. Implementation of the Stockholm Programme Action Plan .................................................. 26 2. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE BELGIAN LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK ....................... 27 2.1. Social Criminal Code ........................................................................................................... 27 2.1.1. Preventing, recording and prosecuting offences ................................................................................ 28 2.1.2. Offences and penalties ....................................................................................................................... 29 2.2. New Article 134quinquies of the new municipal law ............................................................ 29 2.3. Action Plan to combat trafficking in and smuggling of human beings ................................. 31 2.4. A National Parliament paying close attention to trafficking in and smuggling of human beings .............................................................................................................................................. 32 2.4.1. The Senate’s working group on trafficking in human beings ............................................................. 32 2.4.2. Parliamentary work ........................................................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 2: PHENOMENON ANALYSIS ............................................................... 45 1. SEXUAL EXPLOITATION ................................................................................................................... 45 1.1. Champagne bar in the city of Turnhout ................................................................................ 45 1.2. Champagne bar in the city of Tongeren ............................................................................... 47 1.3. Prostitution bar - champagne bar in the city of Tongeren .................................................... 49 1.4. Nigerian case ........................................................................................................................ 51 1.5. Nigerian case in the city of Turnhout (related to a former massage parlour case in the city of Liège) .............................................................................................................................................. 53 2. LABOUR EXPLOITATION .................................................................................................................. 56 2.1. Restroom services case ......................................................................................................... 56 2.2. Car wash case ....................................................................................................................... 59 2.3. Construction case ................................................................................................................. 63 2.4. Champagne bar case ............................................................................................................ 66 2.5. Case involving minors selling in the street ........................................................................... 67 3. SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS ...................................................................................................... 68 3.1. Indo-Pakistani case of smuggling of human beings in the city of Tongeren ......................... 68 3.2. Kurdish case of smuggling of human beings (code name: ISHTAR) .................................... 69 4. CONCLUSION: STALEMATE FOR VICTIMS ......................................................................................... 75 CHAPTER 3: FIGURES AND STATISTICS .............................................................. 77 1. POLICE DATA .............................................................................................................................. 78 2. SOCIAL INSPECTION SERVICES DATA .................................................................................. 80 2 3. DATA ON PROSECUTIONS ........................................................................................................ 80 4. DATA FROM THE ALIENS OFFICE ........................................................................................... 83 5. DATA FROM SPECIALISED VICTIM CENTRES ..................................................................... 84 6. JUDICIAL DATA .......................................................................................................................... 86 CHAPTER 4: CASE LAW REVIEW: 2010 TO EARLY 2011 .................................. 88 1. SEXUAL EXPLOITATION ................................................................................................................... 88 2. LABOUR EXPLOITATION .................................................................................................................. 90 2.1. Butchers' shops ..................................................................................................................... 90 2.2. Cleaning services .................................................................................................................. 91 2.3. Market trading ...................................................................................................................... 91 2.4. Construction/renovation ....................................................................................................... 92 2.5. Hotel, restaurant and catering sector ................................................................................... 93 2.6. Horseback riding schools ..................................................................................................... 94 3. EXPLOITATION OF BEGGING ............................................................................................................ 95 4. SMUGGLING OF HUMAN BEINGS ...................................................................................................... 95 5. RECOGNITION OF REFUGEE STATUS FOR A VICTIM OF TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS ................... 97 PART II: FREE MOVEMENT AND LABOUR EXPLOITATION: THE CHAINLINK APPROACH INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 99 CHAPTER 1: CASE STUDY ........................................................................................ 99 1. RESTROOM FACILITIES .................................................................................................................... 99 2. CLEANING INDUSTRY .................................................................................................................... 101 CHAPTER 2: NEW DEVELOPMENTS AS REGARDS FREE MOVEMENT .... 102 1. SHOULD THE TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS FOR ROMANIAN AND BULGARIAN NATIONALS BE WITHDRAWN? ......................................................................................................................................... 102 2. THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE EXAMINES THE LIMOSA DECLARATION ............................... 104 3. THE INTERNAL MARKET INFORMATION