LANGUAGE SHIFT AND LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE USED BY THE MAIN CHARACTERS OF ALL THE PRETTY HORSES NOVEL BY CORMAC MCCARTHY THESIS Submitted as Partial Fulfillment as the Requirements for the Sarjana Bachelor of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya By: Safna Irana Reg. Number: A73214058 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES SUNAN AMPEL STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY 2019 KEMENTERIAN AGAMA UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA PERPUSTAKAAN Jl. Jend. A. Yani 117 Surabaya 60237 Telp. 031-8431972 Fax.031-8413300 E-Mail: [email protected] LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS Sebagai sivitas akademika UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya: Nama : Safna Irana NIM : A73214058 Fakultas/Jurusan : Adab dan Humaniora/ Sastra Inggris E-mail address : [email protected] Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, menyetujui untuk memberikan kepada Perpustakaan UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, Hak Bebas Royalti Non-Eksklusif atas karya ilmiah : Sekripsi Tesis Desertasi Lain-lain (……………………………) yang berjudul : “Language Shift and Language Maintenance Used by The Characters of All The Pretty Horses Novel by Cormac McCarthy” beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan Hak Bebas Royalti Non-Ekslusif ini Perpustakaan UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya berhak menyimpan, mengalih-media/format-kan, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data (database), mendistribusikannya, dan menampilkan/mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain secara fulltext untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis/pencipta dan atau penerbit yang bersangkutan. Saya bersedia untuk menanggung secara pribadi, tanpa melibatkan pihak Perpustakaan UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, segala bentuk tuntutan hukum yang timbul atas pelanggaran Hak Cipta dalam karya ilmiah saya ini. Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Surabaya, 30 Januari 2019 Penulis (Safna Irana) ABSTRACT Irana, Safna. 2019. Language Shift and Language Maintenance Used by the Main Characters of All the Pretty Horses Novel By Cormac McCharty, Faculty of Arts and Humanities. The State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Advisor : Murni Fidiyanti, M. A This thesis discussed about the factors caused language shift and the factors supporting to language maintenance used by the main characters of All The Pretty Horses novel. All The Pretty Horses novel became the primary data of this research but the writer just focused on the utterances of two main characters of the novel. The writer used two theories of language shift and language maintenance. The first theory is Holmes (2001) who stated that there are five factors caused language shift such as social, economic, demographic, political, and attitude and value. The second theory is Giles, Bouhis and Taylor (1977) who stated that there are three factors caused language maintenance according to such as status (social, economic, and language), demographic factor, and institutional support. The method that is used in this thesis is qualitative content analysis. The result of discussions showed that language shift and language maintenance occurred in All The Pretty Horses Novel used by the main characters. The writer found that there were three factors caused language shift such as social factor, economic factor, and demographic factor and there were two factors supported language maintenance such as status and demographic factor. In conclusion, social factor became the significant influence on language shift and status became the significant influence on language maintenance. Key Words : Language shift, Language maintenance, All the pretty horses. ix digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id INTISARI Irana, Safna. 2019. Language Shift and Language Maintenance Used by the Main Characters of All the Pretty Horses Novel By Cormac McCharty, Faculty of Arts and Humanities. The State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Pembimbing : Murni Fidiyanti, M. A Tesis ini membahas tentang faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya pergeseran bahasa dan faktor-faktor yang mendukung pemertahanan bahasa yang digunakan oleh karakter utama dari novel ALL The Pretty Horses. Novel All The Pretty Horses menjadi data utama penelitian ini tapi penulis hanya berfokus pada ucapan dua karakter utama dari novel tersebut. Penulis menggunakan dua teori tentang pergeseran bahasa dan pemertahanan bahasa. Teori pertama dari Holmes (2001) yang menyatakan bahwa ada lima faktor yang menyebabkan pergeseran bahasa seperti sosial, ekonomi, demografi, politik, dan sikap serta nilai. Teori kedua dari Giles, Bourhis, Taylor (1977) yang menyatakan bahwa ada tiga faktor yang menyebabkan pemertahanan bahas seperti status (sosial, ekonomi, dan bahasa), faktor demografis, dan dukungan kelembagaan. Metode yang digunakan dalam tesis ini adalah analisi konten kualitatif. Hasil dari diskusi menunjukkan bahwa pergeseran bahasa dan pemertahanan bahasa ditemukan di novel All The Pretty Horses yang diutarakan oleh dua karakter utama. Penulis menemukan bahwa terdapat tiga faktor yang menyebabkan pergeseran bahasa seperti faktor sosial, faktor ekonomi, dan faktor demografis dan ada dua faktor yang menyebabkan pemertahanan bahasa yaitu status dan faktor demografis. Kesimpulannya, faktor sosial menjadi pengaruh yang signifikan pada pergeseran bahasa dan status menjadi pengaruh yang signifikan pada pemertahanan bahasa. Kata kunci: Pergeseran Bahasa, Pemertahanan Bahasa, All The Pretty Horses x digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id TABLE OF CONTENTS Inside Cover Page……………………………………………………………….i Inside Title Page………………………………………………………………...ii Declaration Page………………………………………………………………...iii Motto…………………………………………………………………………....iv Dedication Page………………………………………………………………...v Thesis Advisor’s Approval Page…….……………………………………….....vi Thesis Examiner’s Approval Page……………………………………………...vii Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………...viii Abstract………………………………………………………………………....ix Instisari………………………………………………………………………….x Table of Content………………………………………………………………..xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study………………………………………………………1 1.2 Research Problems…………………………………………………………5 1.3 Objectives of the Study……………………………………………………5 1.4 Significance of the Study………………………………………………….5 1.5 Scope and Limitation……………………………………………………...6 1.6 Definition of Key Terms…………………………………………………..6 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Language Shift…………………………………………………………….8 2.1.1 Factors in Language Shift..………………………………………………9 2.2 Language Maintenance…………………..………………………………...11 xi digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id 2.2.1 Factors of Language Maintenance………………………………………11 2.3 All The Pretty Horses…………………. ………………………………….14 2.4 Previous Study………………………….…………………………………14 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design……………………………………………………………19 3.2 Data Collection……………………………………………………………..20 3.3 Techniques of Data Analysis…………………………………………….....22 CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Finding……………………………………………………………………..27 4.1.1 Language Shift and Language Maintenance Used by The Main Characters………………………………………………………………..27 4.1.2 Factors Contributing to Language Shift……………..…………………...33 4.1.3 Factors Contributing to Language Maintenance...…………………….....58 4.2 Discussion......................................................................................................72 .CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion……………………………………………………………….....76 5.2 Suggestion……………………………………………………………….....77 REFERENCES xii digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Human immigration has taken place at all times throughout human history due to a variety of reasons i.e. political, economic, or religious. When immigrants move from their country, they take their language to the host country but the lack of opportunities for using the mother tongue may lead to a shift of ability in the latter. This shift of language ability which extends over several generations, results in the phenomenon of language shift (or transfer), in which the habitual use of one language by a minority group is replaced by the habitual use of another (Buda, 2006).On the other hand, most ethnic groups believe that their language is the best medium for preserving and expressing their traditions (Spolsky, 1998:57). Despite their settlement in the new country, someimmigrants tend to preserve their native languages for a variety of social,historical, religious and psychological reasons and they work hard to keeptheir language from shift because it is considered part of their identity. Language shift and maintenance have been a research topic within linguistics forapproximately half a century, but there is still no clear and universal definition (Knooihuizen,2006:1). Fishman (1966:424) noted that the study of language maintenance and language shift isconcerned first with the relationship between change and stability in habitual language use, andsecond, with ongoing psychological, social or cultural processes occurring in the situations oflanguage contact. Therefore,