View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Loughborough University Institutional Repository This item was submitted to Loughborough’s Institutional Repository (https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/) by the author and is made available under the following Creative Commons Licence conditions. For the full text of this licence, please go to: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ Investigation of Institutional Discourse on Change in South Korean Football from 1945 to Pre-2002 FIFA World Cup by Sang Yeol Bang A Doctoral Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University June 2012 © Sang Yeol Bang 2012 Abstract This research explores institutional discourse on change in South Korean football. It seeks to understand the construction and legitimisation of change in Korean football as a product of both national and international dynamics. It explores the debates on modernity and modernisation of football in Korean society as a product of Korean colonial and postcolonial histories, including Korea’s construction of ‘self’ and ‘otherness’ in relation to North Korea, Japan, China, and the West. In doing so, this research’s ambition is to contribute to East Asian studies in general and South Korean society (politics, culture, economy, and history) in particular. It emphasises the application of modernity and tradition debates, as well as postcolonial critique and Foucauldian discourse analysis for the study of sport and football in Korea. Key words: Korea, East Asia, Foucauldian discourse analysis, modernity, postcolonial critique, football development, change. i Acknowledgements “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God” (John 1: 1) This thesis would not have been possible without those who have helped and supported my academic journey. Firstly, I am heartily thankful to my supervisor, Dr. Mahfoud Amara, whose guidance, encouragement, and support from the initial to the final stage enabled me to mature an understanding of the subject. I would also like to thank members of the Institution of Sport and Leisure Policy, in particular, Prof. Ian Henry and Prof. Barrie Houlihan for their support and guidance. My sincere thanks also go to all of those who supported me in any respect during the completion of my thesis. Last but not least, there are no words to express the debt of gratitude I owe to my family: Hwa Soo Bang, In Sun Cho, Pan Sik Choe, and Hyun Sook Oh, in particular, my wife, Yoorim Choe and my five-year-old daughter, Jun Bang for their boundless support, dedication, and sacrifices. Same thanks go to Rev. Seo Kwon Kim, his wife Yoo Soon Kim, and several members of Jesus Love church for their support and prayers. ii Table of Contents: ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................................................I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................... II TABLE OF CONTENTS: ........................................................................................................................ III LISTS OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................. VI LISTS OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. VII I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 1 RESEARCH AIMS .................................................................................................................................... 1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ........................................................................................................................ 2 CHAPTER 1: HISTORICAL REVIEW –SOUTH KOREA, MODERN SPORT AND FOOTBALL ................................. 5 1.1 HISTORY OF SOUTH KOREA............................................................................................................................. 6 1.1.1 COLONIAL ERA - JAPANESE DOMINANCE: 1905-1945 ...................................................................................... 6 1.1.2 POST-COLONIAL ERA ................................................................................................................................ 10 Nation division, the Korean War, the ‘April 19 Revolution’ (and resignation of the President, Rhee Syngman):1945-1960 ............................................................................................................................. 10 The Military dictatorship era: From 1960 to the June Popular Uprising in 1987 .................................... 11 Transition toward civilian government: From June Popular Uprising in 1987 to 1993 .......................... 13 Democratisation era: 1993 to present ................................................................................................... 15 1.2 HISTORY OF SPORT IN SOUTH KOREA .............................................................................................................. 20 1.2.1 COLONIAL ERA: WESTERN SPORT INTRODUCTION, CIVILIZATION, AND NATIONALISM: 1905-1945 .......................... 20 1.2.2 POST-COLONIAL ERA ................................................................................................................................ 22 Sport in the period of disorder: 1945-1960 ............................................................................................ 22 The take-off stage of elite sport and professional sport: 1960-1987 ..................................................... 22 Concern for mass sport cultivation: 1987-1993...................................................................................... 24 Plurality of sport: 1993-present .............................................................................................................. 25 1.3 INTERNATIONAL AND SOUTH KOREAN FOOTBALL CONTEXT ................................................................................. 27 1.3.1 COLONIAL ERA-INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL FOOTBALL: 1905-1945 ........................................................... 27 1.3.2 POST-COLONIAL ERA ................................................................................................................................ 29 World football and South Korean football in the disorder period: 1945- 1960 ...................................... 29 World football and South Korean football during the military regimes: 1960-1988 .............................. 31 World football and South Korean football in the new era: 1988-present .............................................. 33 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ..................................................................................................38 2.1 MACRO LEVEL DISCUSSIONS ................................................................................................................38 2.1.1 Modernity ...................................................................................................................................... 38 Modernity and South Korea ................................................................................................................................41 Korea’s modernisation project ............................................................................................................................43 2.1.2 Postmodernity ............................................................................................................................... 45 Postmodernity and South Korea .........................................................................................................................46 2.1.3 Modernity and postcolonial critique ............................................................................................. 48 Resistance and hybridity .....................................................................................................................................50 Occidentalism , Orientalism and discourses of “Othering” .................................................................................52 The Self and the Other in South Korea ................................................................................................................54 2.2 MESO LEVEL DISCUSSIONS ...................................................................................................................57 iii 2.2.1 Globalisation and sport ................................................................................................................. 57 2.2.2 Politics and policy of sport ............................................................................................................. 61 2.2.3 International relations and sport................................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY .....................................................................................................................68 3.1 ONTOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................... 68 3.2 EPISTEMOLOGY .........................................................................................................................................