Master’s thesis presented to the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences of the University of Zurich for the degree of Master of Arts UZH Perks and Problems of Corpus-Assisted Critical Discourse Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis A Case Study of the Representation of Asians in TIME Magazine Corpus Author: Sumanghalyah Suntharam Student ID Nr.: 10-122-828 Examiner: Prof. Dr. Andreas H. Jucker Institute of Computational Linguistics Submission date: 15.11.2017 Table of Contents 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 2. Terms and Concepts ............................................................................................................ 4 Critical Discourse Analysis ............................................................................................ 4 Discourse Historical Approach - DHA ......................................................................... 5 Triangulation .................................................................................................................. 7 Corpus Linguistics .......................................................................................................... 7 Corpus-Assisted Critical Discourse Analysis ............................................................... 8 Identity Construction ..................................................................................................... 9 3. Previous Studies ................................................................................................................... 9 Corpus-Assisted Discourse Analysis Studies ................................................................ 9 Critical Discourse Analysis Studies ............................................................................. 12 4. Method and Material of the Case Studies ........................................................................ 16 CACDA .......................................................................................................................... 16 DHA (CDA) ................................................................................................................... 21 5. Results and Analysis .......................................................................................................... 23 Background Information on History and the Time Magazine ................................. 23 5.1.1 Historical Background ........................................................................................... 23 5.1.2 Background on the Time Magazine ...................................................................... 24 CACDA Social Actors .................................................................................................. 25 CACDA 1:1 ................................................................................................................... 28 5.3.1 CACDA Bigram 1:0 ............................................................................................... 28 5.3.2 CACDA Bigram 0:1 ............................................................................................... 31 CACDA 4:4 ................................................................................................................... 34 CDA ................................................................................................................................ 38 5.5.1 Analysis of the Article of 1956 ............................................................................... 39 5.5.2 Analysis of the Article of 1972 ............................................................................... 41 5.5.3 Analysis of the Article of 1993 ............................................................................... 45 6. Discussion ............................................................................................................................ 49 Based on the CACDA Case Study ............................................................................... 49 Based on the CDA Case Study ..................................................................................... 51 Comparison of the CDA Case Study to the Previous Studies ................................... 53 Comparison of the CACDA Case Study to the Previous Studies ............................. 56 Further Observations ................................................................................................... 58 7. Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 59 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 62 Appendixes .............................................................................................................................. 69 App. I Discursive Strategies by Reisigl and Wodak (2016: 33) ...................................... 69 App. II Time Archive Details (Davies 2007) ..................................................................... 70 App. III Social Actors Definition (Fairclough 2003: 145-146). ....................................... 70 App. IV TIME magazine articles for CDA ...................................................................... 71 App. IV.I TIME magazine article from 1956 ............................................................... 71 App. IV.II TIME magazine article from 1993 .............................................................. 73 Table Index Table 1. Absolute and normalized diachronic (1920s until the 2000s) distribution of the node Asians in TIME Magazine Corpus (per million words). ......................................................... 19 Table 2. Number of articles, words and occurrences of the node Asians. .............................. 20 Table 3. Date, frequency of occurrence of the node Asians per million words in the year of occurrence, title, author and URL of the article. ...................................................................... 22 Table 4. Rank, word frequency and percentage of social actors in the built the Asians-corpus. .................................................................................................................................................. 26 Table 5. Noun collocates with the span 1:0 formed with the node Asians sorted by MI score in a descending order. .............................................................................................................. 28 Table 6. Noun collocates with the span 1:0 formed with the node Asians sorted by overall frequency of occurrence in a descending order. ...................................................................... 28 Table 7. Top 10 collocates with the span 1:0 formed with the node Asians and all available POS tags (*), sorted by MI score in a descending order. ......................................................... 29 Table 8. Top 10 collocates with the span 1:0 formed with the node Asians and all available POS tags (*), sorted by frequency of occurrence in a descending order. ................................ 30 Table 9. Verb collocates with the span 0:1 formed with the node Asians sorted by MI score in a descending order. .................................................................................................................. 31 Table 10. Top 10 verb collocates with the span 0:1 formed with the node Asians sorted by frequency of occurrence in a descending order. ...................................................................... 32 Table 11. 7 collocates with the span 0:1 formed with the node Asians and all available POS tags (*), sorted by MI score in a descending order. ................................................................. 33 Table 12. Top 10 collocates with the span 0:1 formed with the node Asians and all available POS tags (*) sorted by frequency of occurrence in a descending order. ................................. 34 Table 13. 9 noun collocates with the span 4:4 formed with the node Asians sorted by MI score in a descending order. ..................................................................................................... 34 Table 14. Top 10 noun collocates with the span 4:4 formed with the node Asians sorted by frequencies of occurrence in a descending order ..................................................................... 35 Table 15. Three verb collocates with the span 4:4 formed with the node Asians sorted by MI score in a descending order. ..................................................................................................... 36 Table 16. Top 10 verb collocates with the span 4:4 formed with the node Asians and all available POS tags (*), sorted by frequencies of occurrence in a descending order. .............. 37 Table 17. Top 10 collocates with the span 4:4 formed with the node Asians and all available POS tags (*), sorted by MI score in a descending order. ......................................................... 37 Table 18. Top 10 collocates with the span 4:4 formed with the node Asians and all available POS tags (*), sorted by frequency of occurrence in a descending order. ................................ 38 Table 19. Compilation of the social actors of the article “The Perils of Success” from 1993. 46 Table 20. Discursive strategies discourse historical approach (DHA) by Reisigl and Wodak (2016: 33) ................................................................................................................................