FIG REPORT FIG PUBLICATION NO 59 International Boundary Making Editor Haim Srebro FIG COMMISSION 1 Professional Standards and Practice INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF SURVEYORS (FIG) ABOUT FIG International Federation of Surveyors is the premier international or- ganization representing the interests of surveyors worldwide. It is a fed- eration of the national member associations and covers the whole range of professional fields within the global surveying community. It provides an international forum for discussion and development aiming to pro- mote professional practice and standards. FIG was founded in 1878 in Paris and was first known as the Fédération Internationale des Géomètres (FIG). This has become anglicized to the International Federation of Sur- veyors (FIG). It is a United Nations and World Bank Group recognized non-government organization (NGO), representing a membership from 120 plus countries throughout the world, and its aim is to ensure that the disciplines of surveying and all who practise them meet the needs of the markets and communities that they serve. International Boundary Making International Boundary Making FIG COMMISSION 1 Professional Standards and Practice Editor Haim Srebro INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF SURVEYORS (FIG) Copyright © The International Federation of Surveyors (FIG), December 2013. All rights reserved. International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) Kalvebod Brygge 31–33 DK-1780 Copenhagen V DENMARK Tel. + 45 38 86 10 81 E-mail: [email protected] www.fig.net Published in English Copenhagen, Denmark ISBN 978-87-92853-08-0 Published by International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) Editor: Haim Srebro Authors: Miklos Pinther, William A. Robertson, Maxim Shoshany, Buddhi N. Shrestha, Haim Srebro Front cover and introdcution photos: Haim Srebro Design: International Federation of Surveyors, FIG Printer: 2013 Hakapaino, Helsinki, Finland CONTENTS PREFACE .....................................................................................................................................................6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................7 SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................8 FOREWORD ..............................................................................................................................................9 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................10 PART I: A METHODOLOGICAL COMPREHENSIVE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY-MAKING MODEL .......................................................................................................15 Part I Prologue .................................................................................................................................16 Chapter 1: The Process of International Boundary Making ............................................17 Chapter 2: The Order of Precedence of Boundary Definitions.......................................39 Chapter 3: A Model of Boundary Delimitation in a Peace Agreement .......................51 PART II: PRACTICAL CASES ..............................................................................................................................67 Part II Prologue ................................................................................................................................68 Chapter 4: The Israel–Jordan International Boundary ......................................................69 Chapter 5: Demarcation of the Iraq–Kuwait Boundary ....................................................94 Chapter 6: Contributions and Challenges for Surveyors in the Establishment of International Boundaries – Cases in Africa .........................118 Chapter 7: Demarcation of the International Boundaries of Nepal ..........................149 PREFACE Robert Frost in “Mending Wall” poetically said, “good fences make good neighbours”. In the same vein, our Profession believes good boundaries make good fences that make good neighbours. This must particularly be so with international boundaries, as good boundaries unite rather than divide. The consequence of good international bounda- ries should promote and contribute towards peace and shared prosperity. This publication addresses surveying methodology and experiences in the delimitation and demarcation of international boundaries. The process of international boundary making is generally categorised into four recognised phases. They are: the prepara- tions for an agreement, boundary delimitation, boundary demarcation and, boundary maintenance and administration. Surveying for the delimitation and demarcation of international boundaries is highly specialised. The team of contributing authors, Miklos Pinther, Bill Robertson, Maxim Shoshany, Buddhi Shrestha and Haim Srebro, who are also professionals and practitioners, must be congratulated for their diligent efforts leading to this publication. It is an accomplish- ment for this team of authors, from diverse background yet eminent in their experience and expertise, under the able leadership of Haim Srebro, Editor for the publication. The support from the team’s families, employers, and FIG member organisations are equally appreciated. FIG thanks the New Zealand Institute of Surveyors for co-sponsoring the printing of this publication. FIG extends gratitude to the United Nations Cartographic Section for their contribu- tion to this publication, in particular the peer review carried out by Ms. Ayako Kagawa, Mr. Ghassan Mkhaimer and Mr. Kyoung-Soo Eom. It is the hope that this publication will enhance information, knowledge and practic- es for the delimitation of international boundaries towards the promotion of peace throughout the world. CheeHai Teo President International Federation of Surveyors December 2013 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following experts and institutions are acknowledged for their valuable contribu- tions to this FIG Publication: Editor and Contributing Author Dr. Haim Srebro is a senior consultant on mapping and bounda- ries and author of books on these subjects. Former Director Gen- eral of the Survey of Israel (2003–2012). He participated as a lead- ing figure in the delimitation of the international land and maritime boundaries of Israel. Since 1994 he is chair of the Israel–Jordan Joint Team of Experts regarding the international boundary. He is vice chair of FIG Commission 1. He was FIGWW2009 Congress Director. E-mail: [email protected]. Other Contributing Authors (in alphabetical order) Miklos Pinther, retired. Former Head, Cartographic Department, The American Geographical Society (1969–1977). Former Chief Cartogra- pher, United Nations (1985–2001). He was the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Iraq–Kuwait Boundary Demarcation Commission at the time of this demarcation. E-mail: [email protected]. Dr. William Alexander (Bill) Robertson ONZM has been involved in the demarcation of five international boundaries in Africa and Asia. He has also acted as an independent consultant on various World Bank Land Administration projects and for the United Nations. Previously he served as Director General and Surveyor General of the New Zealand Department of Surveying and Land Information. Bill is a Past President of the New Zealand Planning Institute and a Past President of the Commonwealth As- sociation of Planners. E-mail: [email protected] Prof. Maxim Shoshany is a Professor of remote sensing at the Depart- ment of Transportation and Geo-Information, Faculty of Civil and Envi- ronmental Engineering, Technion, Israeli Institute of Technology. He was in the past head of the Geography Department at Bar Ilan University. E-mail: [email protected] Buddhi Narayan Shrestha is the former Director General, Survey De- partment of Nepal. Currently he is working as the Managing Director of Bhumichitra Mapping Co. He is the Board Member of ‘Institute of For- eign Affairs’ nominated by Nepal Government. He has authored seven books on border demarcation and management of Nepal. He was in- volved in Nepal–India and Nepal–China Joint boundary Committees. He is the President of Nepal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. E-mail: [email protected]. 7 SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Very special thanks to the Cartographic Section, Division for Geospatial, Information & Telecommunications Technologies (DGITT), Department of Field Support, United Na- tions and in particular, Mr. Kyoung-Soo Eom, (Chief Cartographic Section), Ms. Ayako Kagawa (Chief Geo Support Unit) and Mr. Ghassan Mkhaimer (Technical Project Man- ager, Iraq-Kuwait Boundary Maintenance Project or IKBMP) for the support, the knowl- edgeable and invaluable review of the entire publication; Special thanks to the New Zealand Institute of Surveyors for its support and contribu- tion towards the publication including co-sponsoring the cost of printing of the pub- lication; Special thanks to the FIG Council and FIG Commission 1: Professional Standards and Practice for their support and encouragement; Special thanks to Dr. Bill Robertson for his thorough review of the publication on be- half of FIG; Special thanks also to the Survey of Israel, an Affiliate Member of FIG and its Director General, Ronen Regev for its support; Thanks to the Association of Licensed Surveyors in Israel, a Member Association of FIG and the Technion Israeli Institute of Technology, an Academic