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Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographicaily in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMT CONTAMINANT BODY RESIDUES IN CHJRONOMUS RIPARIUS TO ASSESS ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXIC EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Haejo Hwang, M.S. ***** The Ohio State University 2000 Dissertation Committee; Dr. Susan W. Fisher, Advisor Approved by Dr. Peter F. Landrum Dr. Samuel J. Traina Dr. Paul C. Baumann Advisor Environmental Science Graduate Program UMI Number 9882586 UMI* UMI Microform9982586 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Information and teaming Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and teaming Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT Using environmental concentration as a reference for toxicity presents problems associated with uncertainties in accounting for bioavailability of contaminants. To eliminate the uncertainties due to differential bioavailability, body residues of the environmental contaminants can be used to reference the toxicity. Body residues of 1,1- dichloro-2,2-6w-/>-chlorophenyl ethane (DDE), 4,4’-dichlorobiphenyl (DCBP), 2,2’,4,4’- tetrachlorobiphenyl, 3,3’,4,4’,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCBP), 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’- hexachlorobiphenyl (HCBP) and linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) for mortality were measured in 4-d, 10-d and partial life cycle tests using the midges, Chironomus riparius. Four day median lethal residues (LR50) for LAS based on dead and live midges were 1.17(0.31-4.32) and 0.4(0.14-1.10) mmol/kg, respectively. Ten day LRsovalues were 0.18,0.19,0.57,1.17, and 1.5 mmol/kg forTCBP, DDE, HCBP, LAS, and DCBP, respectively. During partial life cycle tests, mortality was also scored and the 35-d LRso for DCBP was 0.68(0.43-1.01) mmol/kg, while 30-d LRsos were 0.18(0.09-1.64) and 0.28(0.19-0.53) mmol/kg in duplicate tests for LAS. Except for exposure to DCBP and LAS, mortality was not sufficient for midges exposed to other contaminants to estimate LRso values in partial life cycle tests. In partial life cycle tests, body residues associated with sublethal chronic endpoints, e.g., developmental time increase, weight reduction, and fecundity reduction, as well as mortality were also assessed. Among neutral ii lipophilic chemicals tested in partial life cycle tests, DDE was the most toxic, causing significant changes in female developmental time and fecundity at a body residues of 0,0025(0.0020-0.0031) mmol/kg and male developmental time increase at 0.023(0.010- 0.035) mmol/kg, while DCBP was least toxic, causing developmental time increases in adult midges at 1.92-3.04 mmol/kg. The significant effects of HCBP, PCBP and TCBP occurred at body residues between 0.051 and 0.57 mmol/kg. In addition to toxicity tests, toxicokinetic tests were also performed to determine flux of the contaminants. For DCBP, DDE and LAS, biodégradation was measured to confirm the contribution of metabolites in total body residues. No biodégradation of DCBP, DDE, and LAS was detected. Other PCBs were assumed not to be biodegraded by the midges. Body residues were successfully used in referencing the toxicities of DDE, select PCBs and linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) in 4-d, 10-d, and partial life cycle tests. In using body residues to reference the toxicity, sublethal chronic effects were found to occur at significantly lower body residues than those required for short-term mortality. Therefore, short-term bioassays are not sufficient to protect the environmental integrity from all effects of environmental contaminants. Also, the present study demonstrated that both median lethal residues with temporal variability and the lowest observed effect residue were sensitive and discriminatory in describing the toxicity of the selected environmental contaminants. This work also showed that body residues at mortality decrease with increasing exposure durations. Thus, when body residues are used to reference the toxicity, a population parameter with exposure duration, i.e., 10-d LRso should be used. Ill Dedicated to my lovely wife, Kyeok Kim, and my parents. For all their encouragement, support, sacrifice and love IV ACKNOWLEGEMENTS I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my advisor. Dr. Susan W. Fisher and co-advisor. Dr. Peter F. Landrum for their guidance and scientific knowledge. Their willingness to listen and help will leave a positive memory for my time spent as a graduate student. My appreciation goes to my committee members, Drs. Samuel J. Traina and Paul C. Baumann for their willingness to help, too. Dr. Denlinger’s help and discussion about insect physiology are greatly appreciated. I also want to thank my industrial mentors from Procter and Gamble Co., Drs Robert J. Larson and Donald J. Versteeg, for their discussion and support. I thank Ohio Sea Grant, Federal Sea Grant, and Procter & Gamble Co. for their financial support. I thank many fnends during my study at The Ohio State University, Kyeong- Yeoll Lee, Steve Chordas, Tony Goldenstein, Pratima Tiwari, Brain Ralston and Tae- Dong Kwon for their fnendship and support. For the last, not the least, I want to thank Tamela James and Tom Nguan for their help in the laboratory. VITA March 3, 1966....................... Bom - Kyungpook, Rep. of Korea 1991........................................B.S. in Agricultural Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, Rep. of Korea 1994........................................M.S. in Environmental Science, The Ohio State University 1993 - present....................... Graduate Teaching and Research Associate, The Ohio State University PUBLICATIONS 1. Haejo Hwang. 1994. Predicting the Toxicity of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems Using Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships. M.S. Thesis. The Ohio State University, Environmental Science Program. Columbus, OH. 2. Susan W. Fisher, Haejo Hwang, Mark Atanasoff, and Peter F. Landrum. 1999. Lethal Body Residues for Pentachlorophenol in Zebra Mussels {Dreissena polymorpha) under Varying Conditions of Temperature and pH. Ecotox. Environ. Saf. 43:274-283. 3. Landrum, Peter F., S.W. Fisher, H. Hwang and J. Hickey. 1999. Hazard Evaluation of Ten Organophosphorus Insecticides Against the Midges, Chironomus riparius via QSAR. SAR QSAR Environ. Res. 10:423-450. 4. Haejo Hwang, Susan W. Fisher, and Peter F. Landrum. 2000. Identifying Environmental Risk of HCBP based on Body Residues in 10-d and Partial Life Cycle Tests in the Midges, Chironomus riparius. Aquat. Toxicol, (in press). VI FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Environmental Science Specialty: Environmental Toxicology Vll TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract....................................................................................................................................ii Dedication .............................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. v Vita.......................................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables........................................................................................................................ xii List of Figures...................................................................................................................... xiv Chapters: CHAPTER 1 : USING BODY RESIDUES IN INTERPRETING ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICITY OF NEUTRAL NARCOTICS........................................................................... 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1 Terminology and Method of Determination ......................................................................4 Methods o f Toxicity Estimation in Aquatic Toxicology ................................................4 CBR (Critical Body Residue)........................................................................................