The Geography of Participation: The case of Pluspetrol in Pisco, Peru Master thesis in Development Geography Andrea Boyco Orams Department of Geography University of Bergen May 2012 Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. vii Resumen...............................................................................................................................................viii Preface.................................................................................................................................................... ix Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1: Introduction........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Case Study .................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Research Questions....................................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Structure of the thesis.................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework........................................................................................ 9 2.1 The development discourse........................................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 Achieving participatory development.................................................................................. 10 2.1.2 Critique................................................................................................................................ 13 2.1.3 Challenges and problems..................................................................................................... 16 2.2 Spaces for participation............................................................................................................... 18 2.3 Analytical framework ................................................................................................................. 20 2.4 Summary..................................................................................................................................... 23 Chapter 3: Methodology........................................................................................................ 25 3.1 Selecting a case........................................................................................................................... 25 3.2 Qualitative methodology............................................................................................................. 27 3.3 Fieldwork .................................................................................................................................... 27 3.3.1 Interviews ............................................................................................................................ 28 3.3.2 Informants............................................................................................................................ 29 3.3.3 Experiences during fieldwork.............................................................................................. 31 3.4 Document revision...................................................................................................................... 32 3.5 Data interpretation....................................................................................................................... 33 3.6 Visual methods............................................................................................................................ 34 3.7 Biases, Reliability and Validity................................................................................................... 34 3.8 Summary..................................................................................................................................... 35 Chapter 4: Pluspetrol in the Paracas Bay............................................................................ 37 4.1 The Camisea Project ................................................................................................................... 38 4.1.1 The Fractionation Gas Plant ................................................................................................ 39 4.2 Stakeholders in the Paracas Bay ................................................................................................. 41 4.2.1 The fishermen population.................................................................................................... 44 iii 4.3 The earthquake............................................................................................................................ 46 4.4 Public participation legislation in Peru ....................................................................................... 47 4.5 Summary..................................................................................................................................... 51 Chapter 5: Formal institutions framing the participation process.................................... 53 5.1 Defining participation ‘from above’ ........................................................................................... 54 5.1.1 The evolution of the term ‘Consultation’ ............................................................................ 55 5.2 Creating spaces for participation................................................................................................. 57 5.2.1 Informative workshops ........................................................................................................ 58 5.2.2 The public hearing............................................................................................................... 60 5.2.3 The community affairs plan................................................................................................. 61 5.2.4 Optional mechanisms........................................................................................................... 63 5.3 Participation, an inclusive process? ............................................................................................ 63 5.4 Summary..................................................................................................................................... 66 Chapter 6: Social responsibility shaping informal institutions.......................................... 67 6.1 The local reality .......................................................................................................................... 68 6.2 Socio-environmental agreements................................................................................................ 70 6.3 The Earthquake ........................................................................................................................... 74 6.4 The need for social responsibility ............................................................................................... 76 6.5 Summary..................................................................................................................................... 79 Chapter 7: Conclusions.......................................................................................................... 81 7.1 Step 1: Theoretical framework and methodology....................................................................... 81 7.2 The context.................................................................................................................................. 83 7.3 Institutions and stakeholders....................................................................................................... 84 7.4 Moving beyond the case ............................................................................................................. 86 7.4.1 Pluspetrol, Pisco and the national legislation ...................................................................... 87 7.4.2 Pluspetrol, Pisco and the theory of participatory development ........................................... 89 7.5 The geography of participation................................................................................................... 90 References ............................................................................................................................................. 93 Appendix A: List of Informants ............................................................................................................ 99 iv List of Figures: Figure 1: Analytical framework ............................................................................................................ 22 Figure 2: The Camisea Project .............................................................................................................. 38 Figure 3: Fractionation Gas Plant Installations ..................................................................................... 39 Figure 4: Location Map......................................................................................................................... 40 Figure 5: Activities in the Paracas Bay ................................................................................................. 42 Figure 6: Artisanal fishermen boats