ICPALD IGAD CENTRE FOR PASTORAL AREAS AND LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT (ICPALD) REGIONAL INTEGRATION SUPPORT PROGRAMME (RISP III) ASSESSMENT OF THE TOTAL ECONOMIC VALUATION OF PASTORALISM IN KENYA TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................................... i ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................................. iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. v 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 JUSTIFICATION AND SIGNIFICANCE .................................................................................................... 3 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................................. 4 2.1 MEASUREMENT OF ECONOMIC VALUES OF PASTORALISM ...............................................................4 2.1.1 Review of Methodologies and Approaches .................................................................................4 2.1.2 Concepts of Economic Valuation .................................................................................................4 2.1.3 Concept of Total Economic Valuation (TEV) .................................................................................6 2.2 PREVIOUS STUDIES ON PASTORALISM IN KENYA AND OTHER COUNTRIES IN AFRICA .......................6 2.2.1 Definition of Pastoralism .............................................................................................................6 2.2.2 Overview of TEV in Kenya ............................................................................................................7 2.2.3 Review of Studies on Pastoralism ................................................................................................7 2.3 REVIEW OF STUDIES ON ECONOMIC VALUATION OF PASTORALISM ..................................................8 2.3.1 Concept of Total Economic Valuation ..........................................................................................8 2.3.2 Valuation of Pastoral Products in Kenya ......................................................................................9 3. METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................................... 11 3.1 STUDY AREA ...................................................................................................................................... 11 3.1.1 Turkana County ..........................................................................................................................11 3.1.2 Marsabit County ........................................................................................................................14 3.1.3 Mandera County ........................................................................................................................16 3.1.4 Wajir County ..............................................................................................................................18 3.2 METHODS AND APPROACHES .......................................................................................................... 21 3.2.1 Approach ...................................................................................................................................21 3.2.2 Methodology .............................................................................................................................22 4. TOTAL ECONOMIC VALUATION OF PASTORALISM ..................................................................................24 4.1 PASTORAL SECTOR ECONOMIC WORTH ...........................................................................................24 i 4.1.1 Traditional Pastoral Values.........................................................................................................24 4.1.2 Non-Traditional Pastoral Values .................................................................................................32 4.1.3 Total Pastoral Economic Value ...................................................................................................34 4.1.4 Other Indirect Values of Pastoralism .........................................................................................35 4.2 TEV OF PASTORALISM: CASE STUDIES OF TURKANA, MARSABIT, WAJIR AND MANDERA COUNTIES .................................................................................................... 38 4.2.1 Traditional pastoralism ..............................................................................................................38 4.2.2 Livestock Offtake in the selected four ASAL Counties................................................................40 4.2.3 Milk Production .........................................................................................................................41 5. TEV OF PASTORALISM IN THE SOUTHERN RANGELANDS: LOITOKITOK SUB-COUNTY CASE STUDY.......43 5.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 43 5.2 LIVESTOCK AS AN ASSET AND A SOURCE OF WEALTH ..........................................................................43 5.3 TRADITIONAL VALUES OF PASTORALISM IN THE LOITOKITOK SUB-COUNTY ........................................44 5.3.1 Livestock Numbers ....................................................................................................................45 5.3.2 Milk Production and Marketing .................................................................................................45 5.3.3 Marketing of Livestock Hides and Skins .....................................................................................46 5.3.4 Production and Marketing of Chicken and Chicken Products ....................................................46 5.3.5 Production and Marketing of Other Livestock related Products ...............................................47 5.4 NON-TADITIONAL PASTORAL PRODUCTS IN LOITOKITOK SUB-COUNTY ...........................................47 5.5 PASTORAL GIFTS AND DOWRY MANAGEMENT ................................................................................48 5.6 REVENUE FROM CURIO SHOPS, ART CRAFTS AND CULTURAL BOMAS ............................................49 6. OPPORTUNITIES AND SLOW-DOWNS OF PASTORALISM IN KENYA ........................................................51 6.1 OPPORTUNITIES ................................................................................................................................ 51 6.2 OPPORTUNITIES ................................................................................................................................ 52 6.3 WAY FORWARD ................................................................................................................................. 53 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................... 54 ii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ASAL Arid and Semi Arid Lands CELEP European Lobbies on Eastern African Pastoralism CGOM Council of Governors of Mandera CIDP County Integrated Development Plan DRR Disaster Risk Reduction EAC East African Community ERS Economic Recovery Strategy FAO Food Agriculture Organisation GDP Gross Domestic Product GECL General Counsel and Legal Services Department GNP Gross National Product ICPAC Intergovernmental Climate Prediction and Application Centre IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute IGAD Intergovernmental Authority for Development ILRI International Livestock Research Institute IRIN Integrated Regional Information Network KACCAL Kenya Adaptation to Climate Change in Arid Lands KIRA Kenya Inter-Agency Rapid Assessment KNBS Kenya National Bureau of Statistics KRDS Kenya Rural Development Strategy KRDS Kenya Rural Development Strategy MoNKOAL Ministry of Northern Kenya and Other Arid Lands NASEP National Agricultural Sector Extension Policy NDMA National Drought Management Authority NEMA National Environment Management Authority NNP Net National Product NNP Net National Product REGLAP Regional Learning and Advocacy Programme SRA Strategy for Revitalising Agriculture TCDP Turkana County Development plan TCDP Turkana County Development Plans TCDP Turkana County Development Plan TCFIDP Turkana County First integrated development plan TCIDP Turkana County Integrated Development plan TEV Total Economic Value UNECA United Nations Economic Commission for Africa WISP World Initiative for Sustainable Pastoralism iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The IGAD Centre for Pastoral Areas and Livestock Development (ICPALD) would like to thank Professor Dickson M. Nyariki