Reports of the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY No.58 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE HUNTINGTON LAKE REGION IN THE SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA, CALIFORNIA M. G. Hindes Issued September 15, 1962 The University of California Archaeological Survey Department of Anthropology University of California Berkeley 4, California THE. ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE HUNTINGTON LAKE REGION -IN THE SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA, CALIFORNIA M. G. Hindes UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT NO. 58 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report has been made possible by a group of earnest volunteers who assisted with the exploration, reports, and collection of artifacts in the Huntington Lake region. Those to whom I wish to express my appreciation are: Mr. L. A. Robinson of Big Creek, California, who has a notable collection of the artifacts of the area and who has been of inestimable assistance in locating sites. His knowledge of the area has been of con- siderable value to the group working on this project. Brother Avila of the Christian Brothers School at Sacramento who has explored and reported many sites in the higher altitudes in this re- gion. My brother, Dr. M. R. Gibbons, Jr., of Ross, California; my husband, Barrett G. Hindes; Mr. T. Newton Russell; Mr. 0. J. Woodward of Fresno, California; Brother S. Dominic of St. Mary's College, Moraga; and Mrs. John Henry of Manhattan Beach, who obtained and reported information on sites at lower altitudes in the vicinity of Auberry. Others who have served as informants concerning the Indians and the archaeology of the region are: Mr. and Mrs. John Marvin, Mrs. Annie Anderson, and Mrs. Maggie Marvin, all of Auberry; Mr. Harvey Ince of Fresno; Mr. Morgan Blasingame of Clovis; Mrs. Susan Johnson and her daughter Carolyn, and Mrs. Mary Bishop, all of North Fork. Collections which have either been counted in tabulations of the artifacts of the region or referred to in part are those of: Mr. L. A. RobirLson, Big Creek; Mr. John Marvin, Auberry; Mrs. Merril Lyon, Shaver Lake; Mrs. J. J. Clark, Fresno; Mrs. Robert A. Parker, Huntington Lake; Mr. Morgan Blasingame, Clovis; Mr. Jack Sample, Sanger; Mrs. Albert O'Connell, Auberry; Mr. and Mrs. Roy T. Landers, Auberry; Mr. Gary Aubrey, Auberry; Mrs. John Henry, Big Creek; Mr. Oscar Noren, Dunlap; Mr. and Mrs. W. J. Thomas, Bakersfield; Mr. and Mrs. Newquist, Big Creek; Miss Camilla Smith, Auberry; Mr. Roy Koontz, Huntington Lake; Mr. Fred Mahoney, Auberry; and Mr. Fred Preheim, Big Creek. - iii - Finally, I wish to express my appreciation to Dr. Robert F. Heizer Of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility, and to Mr. Albert B. Elsasser of the Lowie Museum of Anthropology, Berkeley, for their encouragement, for the material they have made available to me, and for their generous assistance in writing this report. Mr. Elsasser has kindly consented to edit certain sections of the report. - iv - TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . 1 DESCRIPTION OF THE HUNTINGTON LAKE REGION . 2 OCCUPATION OF THE HUNTINGTON LAKE REGION . 4 PROJECTILE POINTS RECOVERED . 7 Typology . 9 Type A Points . 9 Type B Points . 12 Type C Points . 13 Unique Projectile Point Types . 17 Comparison with Yosemite Projectile Point Types . 18 Comparison Between Sites in the Huntington Lake Region . 19 Comparison with Areas Outside of the Huntington Lake Region. 22 Numerically Significant Sierra Region Projectile Point Types Not Occurring in the Huntington Lake Region . 23 COMPARISON OF HUNTINGTON LAKE REGION ARTIFACTS WITH THOSE FOUND IN PERMANENTLY OCCUPIED SITES AT LOWER ALTITUDES . 24 USE OF LARGE TYPE C PROJECTILE POINTS AND RELATED ARTIFACTS . 26 EXCAVATIONS . 27 ARTIFACTS OTHER THAN PROJECTILE POINTS RECOVERED IN HUNTINGTON LAKE REGION Beads . 29 Steatite (Bowl) Sherds . 30 Pottery: Owens Valley Brown Ware . 31 Drills . 31 Flake Scrapers . 33 Knives and Blades . 34 Portable Grinding Stones . 34 Manos and Pestles . 35 Arrow Straighteners . a. 36 Steatite Ornaments . 36 Pictographs . a. 37 Other Specimens or Traits . 0. 37 CHRONOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF CERTAIN PROJECTILE POINT TYPES IN THE HUNTINGTON LAKE REGION AND SURROUNDING AREAS 37 COMPARISON OF THE HUNTINGTON LAKE REGION WITH SIERRA NEVADA AND RELATED ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEXES (GENERAL) Yosemite . a . 42 Martis and Kings Beach Complexes . 44 Pinto Complex . 46 Regions West of the Sierra Nevada a. 48 CONCLUSION . .a . 48 FOOTNOTES. a 57 TABLES . a 59 BIBLIOGRAPHY . ; . a 74 EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS . 78 ILLUSTRATIONS . following 79 - vi - INTRODUCTION This survey deals with the archaeology of a large section of the southern Sierra Nevada for which no classification of artifacts or other cultural remains has been made, except at site Fre-115 in Vermilion Valley (Lathrap and Shutler 1955). Because it has been recognized that the high altitudes of the Sierra Nevada were extensively used by the Indians for seasonal (spring and summer) occupation, this section of the mountains represents one more gap to be filled in in the archaeological and ethno- logical study of the entire Sierra Nevada. The report is presented for the purpose of adding to and clarifying the Sierra Nevada occupation picture insofar as possible by comparison of collections from sites in this area with those from related surrounding regions. Artifacts found in the Huntington Lake region* will be compared with those of these related sites, and I shall attempt to speculate on chronological evidence in this region and to list its similarities and dissimilarities to certain sequential cultural complexes described in California and Nevada. The section of the Sierra Nevada to be dealt with here is roughly between Yosemite National Park to the north, the backbone of the Sierra Nevada to the east, Kings Canyon to the south, and the lower San Joaquin River drainage to the west. This area has been explored extensively within the last nine years (1953-61) and site records and artifacts have been turned over to the University of California Archaeological Research Facility and the Robert H. Lowie Museum of Anthropology at Berkeley. While the extent of the Indian occupation was found to be consid- erable, it should be remembered that in comparing this region of the Sierra Nevada with other sites and areas less extensively surveyed, cau- tion must be taken in any conclusions drawn because of the differences in amount of exploration carried out. In the portion of the report which compares possibly related sites with the HLR, our comparisons are often between a large area of many sites (Yosemite) and a single site such as Iny-2 (Riddell 1951). A single site obviously cannot be expected to present as complete a picture as an area. * Henceforth to be referred to as HLR. - 1 - 2 A study of comparable intensity to that presented here has been made for the Yosemite region by Bennyhoff (1956). However, Yosemite Valley's surface artifacts and artifacts from below the surface have probably been dispersed among private collectors to a greater extent than those in the HLR. In Yosemite 401 sites were recorded compared to 139 in the HLR, but a greater number of projectile points were found in the HLR (Table 3). Another possible difference is that, at least in historic times, Yosemite Valley was occupied during the winter months (Powers 1877). Archaeologically the HLR appears to present a homogene- ous local picture. This becomes apparent in typological as well as dis- tributional studies of the artifacts. Ethnographically it seems reasonable to assume that this region was primarily occupied by one main group, the Shoshonean, who originated in the Great Basin. These people followed a central trade route within the HLR, running east'to west or vice versa (Hindes 1959:8). High passes to the north, east, and south probably funneled Indian trade through this section of the Sierra Nevada in the summer months. Artifact recovery from the sites of this region was primarily by surface collection. Only 4 sites were test excavated with significant results; a report of the excavations will be presented herein as well as an evaluation of the general subject of excavation in the area. Site descriptions will not be included as these were covered in part in my earlier report (Hindes 1959) and by Elsasser (1960) in his discussion of the archaeology of the Sierra Nevada. DESCRIPTION OF THE HUNTINGTON LAKE REGION The area of study is called the HLR mainly because the lake serves as an easily recognized central location, although it is artifi- cial and was nonexistent at the time of the Indian occupation. The old trade route came through the former canyon where the lake now lies and sites are found on every stream that flows into the lake. A more specific description of the area includes Paiute Pass and Creek and Florence Lake to the southeast, Mono Canyon and Pass to the east, Middle and South Fork San Joaquin rivers to the north, and the San Joaquin River, Auberry region, and Shaver Lake to the west and southwest. The sites representing the compass boundaries of the area are Golden Lake (Fre-251) to the east, Evolution Valley (Fre-178) to the southeast, Shaver Lake Dam (Fre-210) to the southwest, and Cow Meadow (Fre-221) to the north (see Map 1).1 1. See Foot Notes. 3 The entire region is characterized by typical Sierra Nevadan forests, meadows, streams, and lakes. Most of the region lies within the Boreal Zone, that is, above 6000 feet (see Elsasser, 1960, for discus- sion of Life Zones in the Sierra Nevada). To the east are the high peaks of the crest of the Sierra which drop to relatively low altitudes on the eastern slopes where related Indian sites are to be found. A limit of 4500 feet for sites to be included in this survey was chosen instead of the 4000 foot altitude which has previously been sug- gested as the approximate dividing line between summer and winter habita- tion (Barrett and Gifford 1933:129).