DRAFT E756 Volume 2 Public Disclosure Authorized MAHARASHTRA RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT II Public Disclosure Authorized ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS STUDY APRIL 15, 2003 Public Disclosure Authorized Submitted by Naresh Tankhiwale FAO Consultant With Assistance from PPM1U, GSDA Mr. JVR Murty Public Disclosure Authorized (WSP-SA) LIST OF ACRONYMS USED ADD - Acute Diarrhoeal Diseases ARDWS - Accelerated Rural Piped Water Supply BC - Black Cotton BC(Soil) - Black cotton (Soil) BPL - Below Poverty Line BW - Bore Well CBO - Community Based Organizations CEO - Chief Executive Officer cm - Centimeter CRSP - Central Rural Sanitation Programme DC - Design Consultant DDU - Domestic Defluoridation Unit DGM - Department of Geology & Mining DFTD - Department for International Development DH & FW Dept. - District Health & Family Welfare Department DHL - District Health Laboratory DPMU - District Project Manager Unit DRA - Demand Responsive Approach DSU - District Support Unit DWSM - District Water & Sanitation Mission EA - Environmental Assessment / Analysis EE - Executive Engineer EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment / Analysis EMP - Environmental Manager Plan FC - Fully Covered FD - Finance Department GE - Gastroenteritis GIS - Geographical Information System GOI - Govemment of India GOM - Government of Maharashtra GP - Gram Panchayat GR - Government Resolution GSDA - Groundwater Surveys & Development Agency H & FWD - Health and Family Welfare Department Ham - Hectare Meter HC - House Connection HH - Household HP - Hand Pump HSHE - Health, Sanitation and Hygiene Education ICAR - Indian Council of Agricultural Research TEC - Information Education Communication JRY - Jawahar Rojgar Yojana KfW - German Bank KVIC - Khadi and Village Industries Commission LPCD - Liter Per Capita Per Day LPD - Liter Per Day MCM - Million Cubic Meter MJP - Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran mm - Milli Meter MNP - Minimum Need Programme MOEF - Minister of Environment and Forests MPCB - Maharashtra Pollution Control Board MWS - Mini Water Supply MWSSB - Maharashtra Water Supply & Sewerage Board NAR - Net Amount of Recharge NAU - Net Amount of Utilisation NC - Not Covered NGO - Non Governmental Organisation NPBD - National Project on Bio-gas Development NPIC - National Programme for Improved Chulhas O & M - Operation & Maintenance OHT - Over Head Tanks OP - Operational Policies PCH - Partially Covered Habitation PHC - Primary Health Center PI - Public Health Institute PMGY - Prime Minister Gramodaya Yojana PPMU - Project Planning and Monitoring Unit PR - Panchayat Raj PRI - Panchayat Raj Institution PSP - Public Stand Post PWD - Public Works Department PWS - Piped Water Supply PWSS - Piped Water Supply Schemes RDD - Rural Development Department RGNDWM - Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission RWS - Rural Water Supply RWSS - Rural Water Supply and Sanitation SGBCVC - Sant Gadgebaba Clean Village Campaign Sq.km - Square Kilometer SSF - Slow Sand Filter (Filtration) SSI - Small Scale Industries TDS - Total Dissolved Solids ToR - Terms of Reference TPPF - Twin Pit Pour Flush (Latrine) TSC - Total Sanitation Campaign USD - United States Dollar VWP - Village Water Person VWSC - Village Water and Sanitation Committee WB - World Bank WBM - Water Bound Macadam WQM - Water Quality Monitoring Department WSSD - Water Supply & Sanitation WTP - Water Treatment Plant WTP - Willingness To Pay ZP - Zilla Parishad CONfENTS CHAPTER Page No. Executive Summary 1. INTRODUCTIION 1 1.1 < First Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project 1 1.2 DFID Project 1 1.3 GOM Kfw Project 1 1.4 Second Rural Wlater Supply and Sanitation Project 2 2 PROJECr SETTING 4 2.1 Project Objectives 4 2.2 Project Components 4 2.2.1 Community Development and Infrastructure 4 2.2.2 Pilot Project for Holistic Developrnent 5 2.2.3 Pilot Technical Studies 5 2.2.4 Infractructure Building 5 2.2.5 Institutional Strengthening 6 2.2.6 RWS Sector Strengthening Programme Component 6 2.3 Project Polic Plarameters 6 2.3.1 Village Level Arrangements 6 2.3.2 District Level Arrangements 6 2.3.3. State level Arrangements 7 2.4 Project Area 7 2.5 Project Period 7 2.6 Project Cost 7 2.6.1 Fund Flow 7 3 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS 8 3.1 Population 8 3.2 Physical Features 9 3.3 Rivers 10 3.4 Land Use 11 3.5 Rainfall 12 3.6 Soils 12 3.7 Water Resources 14 3.7.1 Irrigation potential 14 3.7.2 Tank Irrigation 14 3.7.3 Groundwater 14 3.7.4 Groundwater Extraction 16 3.7.5 Impact of Sugarcane Irrigation 19 3.7.6 Silting of Resenroirs 20 3.7.7. Water Resources in Tribal Area 21 3.7.8 Demand for Drinking Water 22 3.7.9 Present Utilisation 23 3.8 Groundwater for Drinking purpose 23 3.8.1 Borewells for Rural Water Supply 24 3.8.2 Present coverage 25 3.9 Water Quality Issues 26 3.9.1 Fluoride 27 3.9.2 Nitrate 28 3.9.3 Salinitv 28 3.9.4 Arsenic 29 3.9.5 Iron 31 3.9.6 Microbiological Contamination 32 3.9.7 Industrial Pollution 32 3.9.8 Bacteriological Contamination of Water Resources. 34 3.9.9 Use of Contaminated Sources 36 3.10 Trend Analysis for Disease Attack 36 3.11 Special Studies in Yavatmal District 36 3.11.1 Drinking water Sources 37 3.11.2 Water Quality Problems in Yavatmal District 37 3.12 Sanitation and Hygiene 38 3.12.1 Lessons Learnt 40 3.12.2 GOM Initiatives from Year 2000 40 3.12.3 Sant Gadge Baba Campaign 40 3.12.4 Total Sanitation Campaign 41 3.12.5 Emerging Challenges in Environmental Sanitation 43 3.12.6 New Sanitation Strategy of GOM 44 3.1 2.7 Long Term Objectives 44 3.12.8 Medium Term Objectives 44 3.12.9 Key Principles for Achieving Sanitation 46 3.12.10 GOM's Approach under proposed Project 46 4 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE 49 FRAMEWORK 4.1 National Water Policy 49 4.2 Ministry of Environment and Forest 51 4.3 State Level Provisions 51 4.4 Maharashtra Groundwater ( Regulation) Act 1993 52 4.5 Chemical Laboratories 52 4.6 Bacteriological Analysis 53 4.7 Effectiveness of Current Programs and Policies 53 4.8 Evaluation of Policies and Institutions 53 5 PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS 59 5.1 Public Consultation At Nagpur 59 5.2 Water Related Issues 60 5.2.1 Source of Water 60 5.2.2 Water Availability 60 5.2.3 Time Spent on Fetching Water 60 5.2.4 Rain Water Harvesting 60 5.2.5 Hygiene 61 5.2.6 Water Storage 61 5.2.7 Disposal of Kitchen waste 61 5.2.8 Waste Water Discharge 61 5.3 Latrines 61 5.4 Open Defection 62 5.5 Health 62 5.6 Effects of Groundwater Draft 62 5.7 Source Protection 63 5.8 Watershed Management 63 5.9 Environmental Monitoring Indicators 64 5.10 Environmental Sanitation 64 5.11 Key Institutional Policy Issues 65 6 HOT SPOTS AND ISSUES 69 6.1 Hot Spots 69 6.1.1 Over Exploited and Critical Area 69 6.1.2 Areas with Progressive Decline in Water levels 70 6.1.3 Trend Analysis 72 6.2 Water Quality 73 6.2.1 High Fluorides 73 6.2.1 (a) Water Quality Problem in Yavatmal 74 6.2.2 High Nitrates 76 6.2.3 High Iron 76 6.2.4 High Salinity 77 6.2.5. Water Quantity and Water Quality Situation in Different Districts 77 6.3 Personal Hygiene 78 6.4 Environmental Sanitation 79 7 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 80 7.1 Without Project Scenario 80 7.2 Program for Rural Water Supply 81 7.2.1 Minimum Needs Program and ARWS Program 81 7.2.2 Implementation of RWS Component under Prime 81 Minister Gramodaya Yojana 7.2.3 Allocation of Funds 81 7.2.4 Operationalisation of Scheme 82 7.3 Shivakalin Pani Sathavan Yojana 82 7.3.1 Norns for Implementation 82 7.3.2 Availability of Funds 83 7.4 Swajal dhara Rural Water Supply Project 83 7.5 Total Sanitation 84 7.5.1 Objectives 84 7.5.2 Strategies 84 7.6 Kfw Project 84 7.6.1 Project Implementation 85 7.7 GOM, DFID, Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project 85 8 IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS 86 8.1 Identification and preparation of Project 86 8.2 Execution of Works 86 8.3 Operation of Scheme 87 8.4 Impact Identification 87 8.5 Execution Phase Impact 89 8.6 Operation Phase Impact 89 9 STRATEGY AND TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS 90 9.1 Strategy for Water Quantity issues 90 9.2 Strategies for Water Quality issues 90 9.2.1 Water Quality Monitoring Strategy 91 9.2.2 Proposed Water Quality Monitoring Strategy 91 9.2.3 Institutional Arrangement for Water Quality 92 Monitoring 9.2.4 Monitoring of Pure Water Supply, Epidemic Control 93 9.2.5 Management Information System 93 9.3 Water Quality Monitoring Strategy for Yavatmal 95 District 9.3.1 Suggested Action 95 9.4 Household Sanitation 96 9.5 Environmental Sanitation 96 9.6 Technology Options. 97 9.6.1 Fluoride 97 9.6.2 Nitrate 98 9.6.3 Iron 99 9.7 Treatment for Bacterial Contamination 99 9.7.1 Chemical Method 100 9.7.2 Non - Chemical Method 100 9.8 Groundwater Recharge 100 9.9 Household Sanitation Issue 100 9.9.1 Hot Spots 100 9.9.2 Strategy for Hot spots 100 9.9.3 Technology Options for Household Sanitation 101 9.9 Technical Options for Environmental Sanitation 102 9.9.1 Sullage 102 9.10.2 Soak Pit 103 9.10.3 Leach Pit 103 9.11 Kitchen Gardening 103 9.12 Open drains 103 9.13 Bio- degradable waste 104 9.14 Indoor Air Pollution 104 9.15 Region wise Appropriate Sanitation Technology 104 Options 9.15.1 Human Excreta Management 105 9.15.2 Anaerobic Digestion based 105 9.16 Garbage Management 107 9.17 Sullage Management 107 9.17.1 Individual Sullage 107 9.17.2 Community Sullage 107 10 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN 118 10.1 Water Quantity Issue 118 10.1.1 Groundwater availability 118 10.1.2 Declining Water Table 118 10.1.3 Mitigating Measures 118 10.1.4 Rainwater Harvesting 119 10.1.5 Harnessing Springs 119 10.1.6 Increase irrigation efficiency 119 10.1.7 Reduction of Water loss in domestic supply 119 10.1.8 Repairs to Tanks and Ponds 120 10.1.9 Groundwater Monitoring 120 10.2 Water Quality Issue 120 10.2.1 Salinity 120 10.2.2 Fluoride 120 10.2.3 Nitrate 120 10.2.4 Iron 121 10.3 Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Issues 121 10.4 Monitoring Performance Indicators 127 10.5 Institutional Arrangement 129 List of Annexures Annexure Particulars I Government Resolution on Sant Gadge Baba Village Sanitation Campaign II Government Resolution on Total Sanitation Campaign In.