Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. FAKAONGO AND TAU’ATAINA: The Influences of the Tongan Traditional Religion, the European Civilization and Wesleyan Teachings on the formation of Tongan religious identities. Paula Onoafe Latu Student ID. 10186501 A Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy at Massey University, Auckland, NEW ZEALAND 2011. Map of the Kingdom of Tonga Page0of193 Source: GIS, Ministry of Lands, Survey and Natural Resources, Kingdom of Tonga. Page1of193 Dedication To the memory of His Majesty King Tupou I, Shirley Waldemar Baker, Jabez Bunting Watkin, Sione Latu II and the kau Tau’ataina; and Her Royal Highness Princess Salote Pilolevu, James Egan Moulton, John Havea, Sione Latu I and the kau Fakaongo, whose loyalties, sufferings, and faithful commitments inspired this thesis writing. Page2of193 Acknowledgement This study, on the influence of the Tongan traditional religion, the European civilization and Wesleyan doctrine on the formation of the Tongan religious identity: Fakaongo and Tau’ataina, was conducted through the College of Humanities and Social Sciences of Massey University, Albany Campus, Auckland, New Zealand. The completion of this work was made possible with the support of many, whom I would like to acknowledge. First, I extend a very sincere thanks to my supervisor, Professor Peter Lineham for his advice, guidance and assistance in the shaping of this thesis. I thank Miss Lavinia Ongo ‘Olive ‘e Ua Manoa and Mrs Jeniffer Ma’u for proof reading of the drafts of this thesis. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all members and community of the Free Wesleyan Church of Tonga in New Zealand, (FWCTNZ) especially the Sesalia Filipai congregation, Howick, Auckland, who generously donated funds to support this study. I am also grateful for the support of Viliami Tu’akoi, Matafonua Fotofili, Sione Pinomi, Viliami Petelo, Samiuela Ma’u, ‘Aisea Latu, Peni Hengehenga, Tu’inamoana Latu, Toni Ika, Tevita Hanisi, Tu’akinamolahi Taumoepeau, Sione Moli and the kalapu Sesalia Filipai; Mosese Manoa and Sione Teu of Tuingapapai; Lamata Faka’ata, ‘Isileli Tonga, Patoni Fifita and Joeli Fotu of Kumuniloto, Molia Tu’itupou, Sam Uasi, and Temisi Taufa. I would also like to acknowledge Lord Tu’i ‘Afitu for the insightful discussions, and re-view of Tongan culture and the Late Makalangahiva of Lapaha, Mu’a (Fifita Sili), for offering intuitive and invaluable material on Talatukufakaholo ‘o Tonga - Kauhala’uta. To Sione Tu’alau Mangisi, and Ruth Toumu’a, thank you for the comments made on the drafts of this study. I would also like to thank families of Kafa, Mele’ana and Pneumatika Tupouniua; Nafetalai Situ’a and ‘Ema, Sione and Simaima Leha, ‘Isileli and Fifita Tongatu’a, Samu and Motulalo Halahala, Uili and Leva ‘Anitoni, ‘Ilaise Rimer and Jodie Tahitoto for their generous donations, supports and prayers during my research trips. To Finau Matamoana Loloma, thank you for the daily prayers and encouragement. To ‘Ana Siavisi Corrigan, Lupe and Sikipio Ma’u, thank you for the gratuitous space in your home for my family and I to live and complete my study. I am indebted to Ewan Maidment of the Pacific Manuscript Bureau, Canberra; to Siosifa Koloti Ma’u of the Sia’atoutai library; Mrs Halamehi Lokotui the archivist of the FWCT archive, Nuku’alofa; the staff of the Palace office for the permission to use the original materials from their archives. Last but not least, to my wife, Susana, and my children ‘Alisi, Paulos, George Lee, Taniela, Joseph, ‘Anapapa and Josiella, thank you for your patience, support and prayers. I have witnessed the enlightening power of God working in me throughout this very ruthless journey. Page3of193 An Executive Summary of the thesis: Previous scholars addressed the problem of acculturation in the development of the Tongan Wesleyan Church in Tonga from their own perspective, (conflict, missiological, and power politics approaches) using their own lens to study the problem. This work attempts, from a cultural logic view point to offer an in depth study of the influence of the two concepts of Fakaongo and Tau’ataina, the tenets of traditional Tongan religion in the narrow context of the development of European civilization and religion, which led to the establishment of the Tongan religious identities known (in this work) as Kau Fakaongo and Kau Tau’ataina and, which in the wider context reflective of the Ha’a Tu’i Kanokupolu regime and Kainga confederations. A functional approach1 is used to substantiate the functions played by Fakaongo and Tau’ataina in pre-contact history and the missionary period up to the year 1890, when they became institutionalized as respective identities of Kau Fakaongo and Kau Tau’ataina. It particularly depicts how the tenets of Fakaongo and Tau’ataina navigated all spheres; Tu’i, hou’eiki, and kakai, the church leaders, missionaries, resulting in their manifestations as Tongan Wesleyan religious identities. Evidence is drawn from Talatukufakaholo Tongan orality, as literature and history source documented by Europeans. Tales in qualitative oral narratives, primary materials and documented oral sources from family papers and genealogies; material cultures, monuments, landscapes and handicrafts, hold tales of past events in Tonga as well as the missionaries’ records, British subjects’ official correspondences and Government papers in libraries, archives in Tonga, New Zealand, Australia and Hawaii. This Talatukufakaholo story aspires to enlighten and even present the problem of “acculturation” (which Rutherford, Connan, and Niumeitolu claimed) and in a more comprehensible version from the logic of culture. It challenges Tongan Wesleyans themselves in a positive sense; that their divisive religious identities of Fakaongo and Tau’ataina could be reviewed in the light of Christ’s loyalty to God the Father from his birth to his death on the Cross, as narrated in the Bible. The ensuing confusion between the Tongan Wesleyans’ Fakaongo loyalties to Tu’i, chiefs, Church leaders and their loyalties to God to obtain spiritual Tau’ataina liberty was truly enhanced by European civilization and Methodists’ doctrine let alone the hardships they faced. The inter- play between these parties had finally formulated the Tongan Wesleyan religious identity of Fakaongo and Tau’ataina. Hence, the relevance of this study is that it offers a functional insider view of the problem of acculturation in Tongan context. 1. Beside the Conflicting (Marxist dialectic) and Individualistic approaches (experiential and behaviouristic based), Functional approach is used to study the functions of the two outstanding tenets of Tongan traditional culture and their impacts on the institution of the Kau Fakaongo and Tau’ataina as Tongan Wesleyan religious identities in 1885. Page4of193 Abbreviations KFF – KAU FALEFA HTP – HA’A TU’I PULOTU HTT – HA’A TU’I TONGA HT – HA’A TU’I TAKALAUA HTK – HA’A TU’IKANOKUPOLU TTF – TU’I TONGA FEFINE HFF – HA’A FALEFISI HL – HA’A LATUHIFO HNG – HA’A NGATA MOTU’A HNGT – HA’A NGATA TUPU HH – HA’A HAVEA LAHI HHS – HA’A HAVEA SI’I HV - HA’A VAEA S’E – SINA’E ‘EIKI TTP – TONGATAPU HP – HA’APAI VV – VAVA’U FWCT – FREE WESLEYAN CHURCH OF TONGA MCOA – METHODIST CHURCH OF AUSTRALIA TDMM – TONGA DISTRICT MEETING MINUTE BOOK ML – MITCHEL LIBRARY, SYDNEY PMB – PACIFIC MANUSCRIPT BUREAU, CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA Page5of193 Table of Contents Map of the Kingdom of Tonga i Dedication ii Acknowledgement iii An Executive Summary of the thesis: iv Abbreviations v Table of Contents vi Introduction 7 - 13 Chapter 1. A review of the available Literature. 14 - 45 Chapter 2. Ko e Ótua mo Tonga ko Hoku Tofiá – Double Dynamic Loyalty to God and Tu’i Tonga: A pretext for a Sovereign State and Independent Church. 46 - 96 Chapter 3. Tauátaina Identity - The Free Church movement. 97 - 137 Chapter 4. Fakaongo Identity - Ko Tonga Mo’uga ki he Loto. 138 - 169 Conclusions: 170 - 171 Appendix 1, Titles of the Ha’a Tu’i Tonga… by Talatukufakaholo. 172 - 174 Appendix 2. Glossary of Tongan Terms. 175 - 177 Bibliography 178 - 193 Page6of193 Introduction Having been born to a Wesleyan Methodist family of the two brother ministers; Sione Latu I (Motu’a) and Sione Latu II, (Kauvaka) I always heard the story of the church division talked about in our fale ‘o kainga [house of the family]. Then in 1984, I was formally advised,2 that when the Wesleyan mission divided between Moulton and Tupou I and Baker in 1885, the elder minister (S. Latu I) took sides with Kau Fakaongo Moulton group and the younger brother (S.Latu II) took sides with the Kau Tau’ataina Free Church group. After years of studying about the history the Tongan Wesleyans, I came to learn that Fakaongo and Tau’ataina had been stigmatized as Tongan Wesleyans identity, but few works had been done to present an in-depth study of their causes and functions from an insider’s viewpoint. While the few works on Tongan Wesleyans divisions addressed the problem from their own perspective; missionary; politics; conflict, and the like, this thesis takes a functional approach. It is the intention of this thesis to study how the Tongan traditional religion influenced the institution of the Tongan religious identities of Fakaongo and Tau’ataina which had significantly emerged as two different groups in 1885. It asserts that Fakaongo and Tau’ataina are two significant tenets of traditional Tongan religion and their impacts had been at large, the cause of what is claimed (Rutherford, Connan and Niumeitolu) as the problem of acculturation. In pursuing this study; it is hoped it will contribute to a better understanding of the problem of “acculturation” and present the Tongan Wesleyan divisive identities of Fakaongo and Tau’ataina.3 2 .