Introduction to Coastal Zone Management Dr CBS DUTT Fmr Scientist- “H” , NRSC / ISRO [email protected] International Training Center for Operational Oceanographers (ITCOocean) 28th August 2017 27-08-2017 DUTT ITCOocean workshop INCOIS 1 Structure of Presentation 1) Coast line Definition 2) Coastal Lining and demarcation 3) Coastal Zoning, Hydrographic surveying and terrestrial surveying 4) Issues in Coast line length and precision 5) ICZM criticality and comprehensiveness 6) Coastal vertical zoning and types 7) Coastal Land forms: Erosional and Depositional Processes & challenges 8) CRZ Notification of 2011 of MENFF & CC 9) Coastal Instrumentation 10)Case study example of RS and GIS for CZM activity 27-08-2017 DUTT ITCOocean workshop INCOIS 2 What is a Coastal Zone? • Coastal Zone also called a littoral zone • It is part of a sea, lake, or river that is close to the shore • Extends from the high water mark (HWL) to shoreline areas that are permanently submerged 27-08-2017 DUTT ITCOocean workshop INCOIS 3 The Coastal Zone 27-08-2017 DUTT ITCOocean workshop INCOIS 4 Coast lining The Hydrographic surveying, the coast line is defined as the “high water line” (HWL); on a cliff coast where the tide reaches foot of the cliff, or on a steep beach, the demarcation of HWL is clear; on a gently shelving beach, it is more difficult to judge but generally speaking the line of drift wood, flotsam and jetsam farther up the beach gives the best idea of the position. Inland surveying , the coast line is generally defined as the “ line of high Water Ordinary spring tides “ (HWOST). Which is the same as high Water line . However, in many land surveys, the coast line delineated from air Photos and it is not always easy to identify the High Water Line with any certainty from air Photos. The coast line also changes its shape and position by accretion, erosion, land reclamation and development . For these reasons coastline is never transferred to hydrographic maps . 27-08-2017 DUTT ITCOocean workshop INCOIS 5 Coast and shore defined Coast: Area of contact between land and sea—Extend inland until meets a different geographical setting Shoreline: Precise boundary where water meets adjacent dry land Waves and tides Waves: transport energy by motion—ultimate source of wave energy is the sun Long shore current: Current that parallels shoreline developed by waves coming in at an angle to shore 27-08-2017 DUTT ITCOocean workshop INCOIS 6 Coast : conceptual understanding Long term high water Line Depth of closure (DoC) is an important concept used in coastal engineering. The DOC is a theoretical depth along a beach profile where sediment transport is very small or non-existent, dependent on wave height and period, and occasionally, sediment grain size. 27-08-2017 DUTT ITCOocean workshop INCOIS 7 27-08-2017 DUTT ITCOocean workshop INCOIS 8 The actual length of coast line is a Critical parameter As most areas are indented Indented line Actual line when stretched is measured using fractal geometry 27-08-2017 DUTT ITCOocean workshop INCOIS 9 Landsat 7 Passive remote sensing: VISIBLE 10 coastline & paradox Unit = 200 km, length = 2400 km (approx.) Unit = 50 km, length = 3400 km British 27-08-2017 DUTT ITCOocean workshop INCOIS 11 The World World Resources Land Coast/area ratio Factbook[3] Institute[2] area (m/km²) Country km² # km # km (TWF)[4] (TWF) (WRI) World[Note — 1,162,306 — 1,634,701 148,940,000 7.80 11.0 2] India 18 7,000 18 17,181 2,973,193 2.35 5.78 TWF have used 192 countries WRI have used 182 countries "coast/area ratio" for both TWF and WRI coastline measurement measures how many meters of coastline correspond to every square kilometer of land area. The ratio illustrates the ease of accessibility to the country's coast from every point in its interior. Therefore, an island country like Maldives, or a country carved by the sea like Greece, is more likely to have a high ratio, while a landlocked country will have 27a-08 -ratio2017 of zero. DUTT ITCOocean workshop INCOIS 12 COASTLINE DELINEATION : Coastlining General The accurate delineation of the coastline (shoreline) and coastal features is an essential feature of a Hydrographical Survey, since the mariner is often required to fix his position by bearings and angles or ranges to promontories and similar features on the coastline. Generally, in hydrographical surveying, the coastline is defined with respect to a HW datum. The coastline, must always be walked over in the field. Many small river mouths and streams have been will missed of taking a boat. In some instances, modern air photography or satellite imagery will provide data in plotting the coastline. Occasionally air photography. This however does not obviate the need to walk the coastline27-08-2017 in the field. DUTT ITCOocean workshop INCOIS 13 Integrated Coastal Zone Management In both developed and developing countries the coastal zone is likely to undergo the most profound change in the near future. Already more than 60 % of the world's population lives within 60 km of the coast. By the turn of the century two-thirds of the population (3.7 billion) in developing countries is expected to occupy the coast. 27-08-2017 DUTT ITCOocean workshop INCOIS 14 Integrated Coastal Zone Management High population density in coastal areas warrant, careful environmental management and planning are needed else severe conflicts over coastal space and resource utilization are likely, and the degradation of natural resources truncate development options. Recognizing these threats, in 1992 UNCED in Rio de Janeiro recommended that guidelines on Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) be drafted to minimize conflicts and to provide for optimal sustainable resource use. 27-08-2017 DUTT ITCOocean workshop INCOIS 15 Integrated Coastal Zone Management In response to this request the "Noordwijk Guidelines" on ICZM were presented at the 1993 World Coast Conference in Noordwijk, The Netherlands. World bank provided guidelines are of conceptual as to how ICZM may be applied to contribute to the evolving practice of environmentally sustainable development 27-08-2017 DUTT ITCOocean workshop INCOIS 16 In fact, terms such as coastal zone management, coastal resource management and coastal area management have been used interchangeably to such efforts. Many of these, dealt with a single sector-say, coastal erosion or shore land use. Most did not attempt to deal comprehensively with the entire coastal zone and its full range of resources. As the difficulties inherent in using a single sector, the concept of Integrated Coastal Zone Management came into being. ICZM differs from the earlier form of CZM in that it attempts a more comprehensive Approach 27-08-2017 DUTT ITCOocean workshop INCOIS 17 ICZM taking account of all of the sectoral activities that affect the coastal zone and its re-sources and deal with economic and social issues as well as environmental/ecological concerns. The goal, of-course, is to harmonize these activities in such a way that all of them are consistent with and support a broader set of overarching national goals for the coastal zone. 27-08-2017 DUTT ITCOocean workshop INCOIS 18 Environment and Development Concerns in Coastal Management Source: Healey and Zinn (1985) EX: Environment/development Development concerns Environment concerns interactions Recreation/tourism 140 Coastal resources 118 Erosion/sedimentation 90 Petroleum industry 65 Wetlands 103 Environmental impact 38 Energy facility siting 65 Fish/fisheries 85 Conflicting uses 36 Facility siting 62 Public access 82 Floods/flooding 34 Ports/waterfronts 58 Critical areas 48 Oil pollution/effects 29 Energy 45 Vegetation 47 Energy impacts 21 Transportation 43 Marine biology 46 Pollution 17 Industry/commerce 42 Wildlife 46 Water pollution 13 Population 29 Water quality 44 Dredging 29 Beaches/dunes 36 Marinas 28 Water resources 35 Boating 25 Estuaries 34 Growth 22 Aesthetics 28 Shipping 18 Resource protection 22 Agriculture 18 Living marine resources 21 Water development projects 14 Cultural/historical resources 12 Navigation 14 Groundwater 10 Oil and gas 14 Barrier islands 8 Marine mining 9 Open space 7 Coal transportation/storage 9 Preservation 5 Energy transportation/storage 9 Coral reefs 4 Forestry/logging 7 Air resources 3 Waterfront development 7 Aquaculture 6 27 Total 778 Total 844 Total 8 27-08-2017 DUTT ITCOocean workshop INCOIS 19 Coastal Land forms Erosional and Depositional Process Coast lines : Dynamic ; Interactive changes with time Product of its environment Inputs : Depositional debri Out puts : Erosional material 27-08-2017 DUTT ITCOocean workshop INCOIS 20 Forcing functions : Sea Level changes : Global , Long term Driver Eustatic Sea level changes: Amount water in basins Basin volume Temperature variations Local or relative sea level changes Tectonic or isostatic adjustments winds, storm surges, hurricanes etc.. 27-08-2017 DUTT ITCOocean workshop INCOIS 21 Types of tides • Neap Tide – a less than average tide occurring at the first and third quarters of the moon • Spring Tide – tides with the greatest range between highs and lows, usually occurring during the full or new moons 27-08-2017 DUTT ITCOocean workshop INCOIS 22 A horizontal movement of water often accompanies the rising and falling of the tide. This is called the tidal current. The incoming tide along the coast and into the bays and estuaries is called a flood current; the outgoing tide is called an ebb current. The strongest flood and ebb currents usually occur before or near the time of the high and low tides. The weakest currents occur between the flood and ebb currents and are called slack tides. In the open ocean tidal currents are relatively weak. Near estuary entrances, narrow straits and inlets, the speed of tidal currents can reach up to several kilometers per hour (Ross, D.A., 1995).