State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826-1863) Christine Noelle Routledge Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK CONTENTS Acknowledgements viii Preface ix Abbreviations xi Introduction xiii 1 DOST MUHAMMAD KHAN ’S FIRST REIGN AND THE FIRST ANGLO-AFGHAN WAR 1 The Political Setting in the Early Nineteenth Century 1 The Alikozais 4 The Popalzais 5 The Barakzais 7 Dost Muhammad Khan’s Assumption of Power 10 The Power Struggle among the Muhammadzais 1818-1826 10 The Beginnings of Muhammadzai Rule 14 Dost Muhammad Khan’s Person 17 Dost Muhammad Khan’s Sphere of Influence 1826-1839 22 Kabul in the Early Nineteenth Century 22 The Qizilbash 25 Sunni-Shi'a Frictions 26 Kohistan 30 Bamiyan and Bihsud 32 Dost Muhammad Khan’s Consolidation of Power 36 The First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842) and Amir Dost Muhammad Khan’s Resumption of Power 38 The Events Leading up to the British Invasion 39 Amir Dost Muhammad Khan’s Perspective 43 The British Occupation of Afghanistan 47 The Principal Participants in the Uprising of 1841-1842 49 Administrative Measures Taken by Dost Muhammad Khan after his Resumption of Power 56 v State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan 2 AMIR DOST MUHAMMAD KHAN’S POLICIES IN TURKISTAN 60 Afghan Turkistan - The Geographical and Ethnographical Setting 60 Physical Features 60 The Inhabitants 63 Historical Overview 64 The Origin of the Uzbeks 64 The Chingizid System of Government 66 The Rise of Amirid States 69 Afghan Turkistan under the Sadozais 71 The Uzbek Principalities of the Early Nineteenth Century 74 Maimana 75 Qilich ‘Ali of Tashqurghan 77 Mazar-i Sharif and Balkh 78 Mir Murad Beg of Qunduz 80 Mir Wali of Tashqurghan 85 Dost Muhammad Khan’s Intervention in Turkistan 87 The Beginnings of Afghan Administration 87 The Extension of Afghan Authority in Western Turkistan 91 The Conquest of Qunduz 97 The Effects of the Afghan Administration 101 Administrative Measures Taken by the Afghan Government 102 The Sociopolitical Setting in Qataghan and Badakhshan 106 The Organization of the Afghan Administration 115 3 THE POSITION OF THE PASHTUN TRIBES IN THE MUHAMMADZAI STATE 123 Pashtun Organization in the Light of Modern Anthropology 125 The Concept of ‘Tribe’ 125 The Pashtuns 133 The Yusufzais of Swat 138 The Mohmand Agency 145 The Pashtun Tribes of Khost 150 The Ghilzais 153 The Pashtuns in History 158 The Border Tribes 163 The Tribes of the Khyber Region 168 Kurram, Khost and Zurmat 174 Bajaur 178 The Mohmands of La'lpura 180 VI Contents The Western Reaches of the Kabul River 190 Kunar 191 The Jabbar Khel Ghilzais 195 The Babakr Khel Ghilzais 198 The Hotak and Tokhi Ghilzais 207 The Historical Origins of the Leading Families 208 The Position of the Leadership in the Early Nineteenth Century 211 Dost Muhammad Khan’s Policies towards the Hotaks and Tokhis 215 Revenues Raised among the Ghilzais 219 4 DOST MUHAMMAD KHAN’S OCCUPATION OF QANDAHAR AND HIS ADMINISTRATION 228 The Durranis 229 Durrani History and Organization 229 The Policies of the Qandahar Sardars 235 Dost Muhammad Khan’s Occupation of Qandahar 240 Dost Muhammad Khan’s Administration 248 The Structure of Dost Muhammad Khan’s Government 250 The Army 258 The Amir’s Revenues 267 The Role of the Ulama 276 Trade 280 5 CONCLUSION 290 Notes 298 Glossary 366 Appendix A: Maps 375 Appendix B: Genealogical Tables 383 Appendix C: Currencies 398 Appendix D: The Service Grants Made by Ahmad Shah in the Qandahar Region 401 Appendix E: The Urban Population of Afghan Turkistan 402 Bibliography 405 Index 425.