SCIENCE Wind speed and direction Weather and Climate Teacher Guide Wet and cold climate Collecting weather data Severe weather CKSci_G3WeatherClimate_TG.indb 1 14/08/19 3:35 PM CKSci_G3WeatherClimate_TG.indb 2 14/08/19 3:35 PM Weather and Climate Teacher Guide CKSci_G3WeatherClimate_TG.indb 1 14/08/19 3:35 PM Creative Commons Licensing This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. You are free: to Share—to copy, distribute, and transmit the work to Remix—to adapt the work Under the following conditions: Attribution—You must attribute the work in the following manner: This work is based on an original work of the Core Knowledge® Foundation (www.coreknowledge.org) made available through licensing under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This does not in any way imply that the Core Knowledge Foundation endorses this work. Noncommercial—You may not use this work for commercial purposes. Share Alike—If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one. With the understanding that: For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. The best way to do this is with a link to this web page: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Copyright © 2019 Core Knowledge Foundation www.coreknowledge.org All Rights Reserved. Core Knowledge®, Core Knowledge Curriculum Series™, Core Knowledge Science™, and CKSci™ are trademarks of the Core Knowledge Foundation. Trademarks and trade names are shown in this book strictly for illustrative and educational purposes and are the property of their respective owners. References herein should not be regarded as affecting the validity of said trademarks and trade names. ISBN: 978-1-68380-511-3 CKSci_G3WeatherClimate_TG_FM.indd 2 14/08/19 4:06 PM Weather and Climate Table of Contents Introduction ................................................ 1 Building Science Knowledge ............................ 4 Using the Student Reader .............................. 7 Using the Teacher Guide ................................ 7 Materials and Equipment .............................. 12 Sample Pacing Guide ................................. 14 Part A Earth’s Atmosphere .......................... 17 Lesson 1 The Atmosphere and Air Pressure . 18 Lesson 2 Water in the Atmosphere ........... 24 Lesson 3 Investigating Air Pressure and Precipitation .......................... 30 Part B Wind: The Movement of Air ................. 34 Lesson 4 Investigating Wind ................... 35 Lesson 5 Wind .................................... 40 Lesson 6 Working with Wind Data ............ 45 Part C Weather and Climate ......................... 49 Lesson 7 Using Weather Data to Predict Weather ............................... 51 Lesson 8 Patterns of Weather: Seasons and Climate ............................ 57 Lesson 9 Working with Weather Data ........ 65 Lesson 10 Working with Climate Data ........ 71 Part D Reducing the Impacts of Hazardous Weather ......................................... 78 Lesson 11 Extreme Weather .................... 80 Lesson 12 Engineering for Extreme Weather . 86 Lesson 13 Evaluating Extreme Weather Solutions .............................. 92 Unit Review .................................................... 98 Teacher Resources ............................................... 104 Activity Page and Unit Assessment Masters .............. 106 Answer Key and Unit Assessment Evaluation Guide ........ 154 Appendices .................................................... 160 A. Glossary ......................................... 160 B. Classroom Safety for Activities and Demonstrations .... 162 C. Strategies for Acquiring Materials .................... 164 D. Advance Preparation for Activities and Demonstrations . 165 E. What to Do When Activities Don’t Give Expected Results . 166 CKSci_G3WeatherClimate_TG.indb 3 14/08/19 3:35 PM Weather and Climate Teacher Guide Core Knowledge Science™ 3 CKSci_G3WeatherClimate_TG.indb 4 14/08/19 3:35 PM UNIT 4 Introduction ABOUT THIS UNIT The Big Idea Any location on Earth is affected by its current weather and the long-term climate patterns found there. This unit focuses on the causes and effects of weather and climate. Students work to describe patterns in atmospheric conditions across time and location, and investigate how predictions about the weather are made. What causes changes in the weather? What is the relationship between weather and climate? These questions are central to big-picture investigations of these phenomena. This unit starts by looking at Earth’s atmosphere, the mixture of gases surrounding the planet. The oxygen we need makes up only about twenty percent of the atmosphere. Another important gas in the air is water vapor, which— through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation—plays a big part in weather. Meteorologists and climatologists study patterns of weather over different scales of time. Data on wind speed and direction are important to meteorologists because they demonstrate predictable patterns. Meteorologists also use other kinds of information to forecast the weather. Climatologists study patterns over longer time periods using much of the same data. Students also learn that some forms of weather can be severe and hazardous, such as a hurricane, a tornado, or a lightning storm. People can design solutions to prepare for hazardous weather and to minimize risks. Note to Teachers and Curriculum Planners This unit introduces Grade 3 students to real-world examples and fundamental concepts that will be explored in greater depth in later grades. Students will learn about observable weather patterns, factors that produce weather conditions, and long-term weather patterns that establish climate. The following are preliminary considerations for planning and instruction relative to this unit: • While the unit engages Grade 3 students with data in tables and graphical displays, assessment of graphical displays is limited to pictographs and bar graphs. • Students will compare and contrast different climate conditions, but assessment does not include explanations about climate change. INTRODUCTION 1 CKSci_G3WeatherClimate_TG.indb 1 14/08/19 3:35 PM • Students are asked to evaluate solutions intended to reduce the impact of weather hazards. Examples of such solutions include barriers to prevent flooding, wind-resistant roofs, and lightning rods. • Knowledge gained during this unit will be applied during future units, such as within Grade 4 Unit 4 Processes That Shape Earth and Grade 5 Unit 3 Modeling Earth’s Systems. Note to Core Knowledge Teachers Thanks to ongoing research in the field, our understanding of how children learn continues to evolve. In the subject area of science, in particular, students benefit from not just reading about concepts and ideas, but also hands-on experiences. Following the release of the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS), the Core Knowledge Foundation used this opportunity to update and enhance the science portion of the 2010 Core Knowledge Sequence. The result of this effort is the revised 2019 Core Knowledge Science Sequence. While there have been some shifts in the grade levels at which certain topics are recommended, the fundamental principles of pedagogy inherent to the Core Knowledge approach, such as the importance of building a sequential, coherent and cumulative knowledge base, have been retained. Online Resources To download the 2019 Core Knowledge Science Sequence use the links found in the Online Resources Guide. www.coreknowledge.org/cksci-online-resources This science unit, aligned to the 2019 Core Knowledge Science Sequence and informed by NGSS, embodies Core Knowledge’s vision of best practices in science instruction and knowledge-based schooling, such as the following: • building students’ knowledge of core ideas in life, physical, and Earth sciences, as well as engineering design • developing scientific practices that give students firsthand experience in scientific inquiry, engineering, and technology • connecting scientific learning to concepts across various disciplines, such as mathematics and literacy To see how you can continue to use your current Core Knowledge materials with the 2019 CKSci curriculum, please see below an example of how this unit compares to the 2010 Core Knowledge Sequence. 2 WEATHER AND CLIMATE CKSci_G3WeatherClimate_TG.indb 2 14/08/19 3:35 PM Examples of content retained from the Examples of Core Knowledge content in this 2010 Core Knowledge Sequence CKSci Unit Meteorology (Grade 4 and review from Grade 2) Earth’s Atmosphere • The water cycle and cloud types • Air: a mixture of gases—air is matter • The atmosphere: º The most common gases in the atmosphere º Layers of the atmosphere are nitrogen and oxygen. º The sun and the earth heat the atmosphere º Water in the atmosphere: humidity • Air movement: wind direction and speed, • The relationship between wind and air prevailing winds, air pressure, air masses pressure • Cold and warm fronts: thunderheads, lightning Weather and Climate and electric charge, thunder, tornadoes, • Weather: the conditions in the lowest layer of hurricanes the atmosphere at a particular time and place • Forecasting the weather: barometers, weather • Climate: the pattern of weather conditions in maps, weather satellites an area over a long period of time • Weather and climate • Protecting people from severe