E Nihi Ka Helena I Ka Uka O Puna Travel carefully in the uplands of Puna An Ethnohistorical Study of Wao Kele O Puna Moku o Puna, Hawaiʻi Island Prepared For: The Office of Hawaiian Affairs Prepared By: Kelley Lehuakeaopuna Uyeoka, MA Momi Wheeler, BS Liʻula Mahi, BA Lokelani Brandt, BA Halena Kapuni-Reynolds, BA Pueo McGuire, BA May 2014 Kumupaʻa Cultural Resource Consultants, LLC ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Mai ka lā ʻōʻili i Haʻehaʻe a hāliʻi i ka mole o Lehua. Eia mākou, nā leo o Kumupaʻa e mahalo nei i nā kūpuna i alakaʻi, nā ʻohana i kākoʻo, a me ke kaiāulu o Puna i kōkua mai iā mākou ma kēia ʻimi naʻauao ʻana. From the appearance of the sun at Haʻehaʻe until it spreads its light to the foundation of Lehua, it is we, the voices of Kumupaʻa, thanking the ancestors who guided us, the families who supported us, and the community of Puna who kindly assisted us during this search of discovery and knowledge. Mahalo to the Office of Hawiian Affairs for the support and assistance throughout the course of this study. As our hui consists of Native Hawaiian cultural resource researchers, we mahalo OHA for giving us this opportunity to carry out a project that is truly meaningful and beneficial for our communities. We appreciate this opportunity to demonstrate our deep commitment and to showcase the breadth of our professional knowledge, skills, and competence as Hawaiian cultural resource managers. Mahalo to the Pele Defense Fund members who provided invaluable historical information, resources, references, and recommendations – their valuable manaʻo and ʻike is based on many years spent fighting to protect Wao Kele O Puna and the special relationships they developed with these lands. Current WKOP safeguards and preservation efforts would not be in existence today were it not for the deep commitment, passion, and aloha of PDF members who had the steadfastness and courage to advocate and fight for the rights of our ʻāina and lahui. Mahalo to all of the individuals who shared their precious time, memories, and stories with us; we are truly grateful to each and every one of you. Without your willingness to share personal recollections and mana‘o with us, this important study would not have been possible. The mana‘o that was shared will keep the stories of Puna alive and enable future generations to better understand, appreciate, and cherish the very special beauty and uniqueness of this place. We are deeply honored and privileged to have worked on this Ethnohistorical Study involving such significant wahi pana. Each of us has learned and grown both professionally and personally from this experience and will continue to remain involved with and committed to efforts designed to improve and strengthen the stewardship of WKOP. Additionally, it is hoped, that this study will motivate others to continue to learn more about Wao Kele O Puna and to share the stories, memories, and practices regarding this very special wahi pana. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................... 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................... 3 LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. 8 LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................. 12 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... 13 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF WORK ........................................................................ 22 METHODS .............................................................................................................................. 26 ARCHIVAL RESEARCH AND REVIEW ...................................................................................... 26 AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY & DOCUMENTATION ...................................................... 27 COMMUNITY CONSULTATION AND ETHNOGRAPHIC WORK .................................................... 27 Data Gathering ................................................................................................................. 28 Data Integration ............................................................................................................... 29 Ethics ............................................................................................................................... 30 Confidentiality .................................................................................................................. 30 NATURAL LANDSCAPE AND RESOURCES OF WAO KELE O PUNA ......................... 31 PROJECT AREA ...................................................................................................................... 31 GEOLOGY.............................................................................................................................. 31 CLIMATE AND SUBSTRATE .................................................................................................... 32 WATER RESOURCES .............................................................................................................. 33 SOIL TYPES ........................................................................................................................... 39 FLORA OF WAO KELE O PUNA .............................................................................................. 42 Native Plant ID Cards ...................................................................................................... 43 Planting techniques........................................................................................................... 50 FAUNA OF WAO KELE O PUNA .............................................................................................. 50 Vertebrate - Avifauna ........................................................................................................ 50 Invertebrates ..................................................................................................................... 55 Terrestrial Mammals ........................................................................................................ 57 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. 57 NĀ AKUA, NĀ KUPUA, A ME NĀ ‘AUMĀKUA O KA WAO KELE A ME KA MOKU O PUNA ....................................................................................................................................... 59 NĀ MOʻOKŪʻAUHAU A MOʻOLELO O PELEHONUAMEA ........................................... 75 HAUMEA LĀUA ʻO MOEMOEAʻALIʻI, HAUMEA AND MOEMOEAʻALIʻI .................................... 75 KA MOʻOKŪʻAUHAU O KAIKAHINALIʻI LĀUA ʻO KĀNEHOALANI, THE GENEALOGY OF KAIKAHINALIʻI AND KĀNEHOALANI ...................................................................................... 78 KE AWA O PELE, THE CANOE LANDING OF PELE .................................................................. 79 HIʻIAKA BEFRIENDS HŌPOE .................................................................................................. 79 PŌHAKU-O-HANALEI AND PŌHAKU-O-LĒKIA ........................................................................ 81 THE STORY OF KĀLAIKINI ..................................................................................................... 82 PELEHONUAMEA AND KAMAPUAʻA ....................................................................................... 84 KE ONE LAUʻENA A KĀNE, THE GREAT SANDS OF KĀNE ...................................................... 84 PELEHONUAMEA AND KUMUKAHI ......................................................................................... 85 PELEHONUAMEA AND PAPALAUAHI ...................................................................................... 86 PELEHONUAMEA AND KELIʻIKUKU ........................................................................................ 86 PELEHONUMEA AND KAHAWALI ........................................................................................... 87 3 PELEHONUAMEA AND KEALOHALANI .................................................................................... 90 A CALABASH OF POI ............................................................................................................. 90 NĀ MOʻOLELO O PUNA ...................................................................................................... 93 PĀʻAO ARRIVES IN PUNA....................................................................................................... 93 KAHELE AND THE HEIAU OF WAHAʻULA ............................................................................... 95 KŪKAʻŌHIʻALAKA................................................................................................................. 99 KAHALAOMĀPUANA ........................................................................................................... 101 KA UʻI KEAMALU, THE BEAUTY KEAMALU ........................................................................ 101 NĀ ʻŌLOHE O ʻŌLAʻA, THE ROBBERS OF ʻŌLAʻA ................................................................ 103 KEPAKAʻILIʻULA ................................................................................................................. 104 KA-MIKI AND KAHAUALEʻA ..............................................................................................