Steps in space Claude Nicollier Lausanne Switzerland Space Science School Si Racha, Thailand October 17, 2016 Outline Human spaceflight • A little bit of history, all the way to to ISS and SpaceX • Personal experience • Into the Solar System BIG BANG, 13,7 billion years ago, setting the Universe in expansion Evolving Universe, in constant motion! Only 3 to 4 centuries ago, we have the the pioneers in astronomy and celestial mechanics Tycho Brahe Galileo Galilei Johannes Kepler Isaac Newton (1546-1601) (1564-1642) (1571-1630) (1642-1726) Pioneers of rocket theory and practice 1 Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Robert H. Goddard (1857-1935) (1882-1945) Pioneers of rocket theory and practice 2 Hermann Oberth Wernher von Braun (1894-1989) (1912-1977) Achievments in the early space programs, until 1965 Sputnik 1 / Explorer 1 – First satellites – 1957 / 1958 ● Sputnik 1 ● October 4, 1957 ● First artificial satellite around the Earth ● Bip, bip… ● Explorer 1 ● January 31, 1958 ● Lifetime of 12 years ● Discovery of Van Allen’s radiation belts Laïka – First living creature in Earth orbit – November 3, 1957 Ham – First tasks performed during spaceflight – January 31, 1961 Yuri Gagarin – First human in space – April 12, 1961 Alan Shepard – First US astronaut – May 5, 1961 Valentina Tereshkova – First woman in space – June 16, 1963 Alexei Leonov – First spacewalk – March 18, 1965 Ed White – First US spacewalk – June 3, 1965 To the Moon! John F. Kennedy's speech – May 25, 1961 “We choose to go to the Moon in this decade, not because it is easy, but because it is hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win...” Mercury, Gemini, Apollo Apollo 11 crew Trajectory to the Moon Credits: NASA Earth’s view from the Moon On the surface… Apollo 15 Lunar Roving Vehicle Apollo 17 Soviet lunar programs Luna 3 (1959), Lunokhod 1 (1970), N1 rocket Space stations, Space Shuttle, and International cooperation Space stations - Salyut, Skylab and Mir - 1971 to 2001 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) - 1975 Credits: NASA Space Shuttle Space Shuttle: “Regular” access to LEO from 1981 to 2011 Short missions <15 days Extraordinary performance and capabilities! unfortunately expensive and dangerous! ISS in November 1998 33 ISS in November 1998 35 Space Shuttle - Spacelab First flight in 1983 Spacelab interior Space Shuttle - Remote Manipulator System (RMS, Canadarm) MMU ISS in November 1998 MMU practical utilization 40 Space Shuttle - Mir - 1994 to 1998 ISS - Initial configurations - 1998 and 2000 Credits: NASA ISS in November 1998 ISS 2011 43 ISS in November 1998 Physiological research on ISS (Koichi Wakata, JAXA) 44 ISS in November 1998 Physical exercise program onboard ISS (here André Kuipers, ESA) 45 ISS - Future configuration - 2017 ISS in November 1998 Kelly and Kornienko > 300 days in space on ISS 48 Chinese Space Station - Tiangong 1 - launched in 2011 Tiangong 2 was launched September 15, 2016 Launch of a 2-person crew to Tiangong 2 this morning on Shenzhou 11! The rise of commercial space - unmanned orbital, and manned suborbital, for now... Creating business, jobs, passion! NASA supports commercial space in the USA A new component in space utilization and exploration Dragon (SPACEX) & SSRMS Manned Dragon Personal experience EURECA & TSS STS-46 1992 Hubble SM 1 Dec. 1993 SM 2 Feb. 1997 SM 3A Dec. 1999 SM 3B Mar. 2002 SM 4 May 2009 Servicing Missions SM 1 SM 3A SM 3A décembre 1999 EVA 2 Into the Solar System ESA’s “Moon Village” Asteroids Mars There was water on Mars! The Martian… Better have a crew of well trained and healthy astronauts, and not just one person on Mars! ISS in November 1998 Immensely wise or crazy? 75 Maybe some day in the future we will send a million people on Mars, or even more, but there is no urgency, and let us evaluate living conditions there and the challenge of settling on the red planet and living off the land for small to medium sized groups of people... We will decide then! In the meanwhile, let us take good care of planet Earth. Most of us will just stay here! Thanks for your attention! ISS in November 1998 79 .