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University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA S t John's Road, Tyler's Green High Wycombe, Bucks, England HP10 8HR 77-21,373 GILES, Martha Mead, 1932- A SYNTHESIS OF AMERICAN INDIAN MUSIC AS DERIVED FROM CULTURE: EXAMINATION OF STYLE, PERFORMANCE PRACTICES, AND AESTHETICS FOR MUSIC EDUCATION. The University of Oklahoma, D.Mus.Ed., 1977 Education, music X o r o x Univsrsity M i c r o f i l m s , Ann Arbor, Michigan 4sio6 0 1977 MARTHA MEAD GILES ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA. GRADUATE COLLEGE A SYNTHESIS OF AMERICAN INDIAN MUSIC AS DERIVED FROM CULTURE: EXAMINATION OF STYLE, PERFORMANCE PRACTICES, AND AESTHETICS FOR MUSIC EDUCATION A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF MUSIC EDUCATION BY MARTHA MEAD GILES Norman, Oklahoma 1977 A SYNTHESIS OF AMERICAN INDIAN MUSIC AS DERIVED FROM CULTURE; EXAMINATION OF STYLE, PERFORMANCE PRACTICES, AND AESTHETICS FOR MUSIC EDUCATION APPROVED BY Harry W^FLerbaugh, Chairman Dr. Ralph E. Verrastro Dr. Gail de Stwolinski refessor Spencer H. Noyroh r. James L. Wainner DISSERTATION COMMITTEE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Harry Fierbaugh for h is guidance and encouragement from the beginning of th is e ffo rt. My appreciation and warm regards also are extended to Dr. Ralph Ver­ rastro for his advice and guidance. To the other members of my committee. Professor Spencer Norton, Dr. Gail de Stwolinski, and Mr. James Wainner, my thanks is extended for their efforts and encouragement. To Mrs. Vynola Newkomet, a Delaware-Caddo, Native American, frien d , and to the American Indian peoples, my sincerest thanks is extended for their inspiration. I would like to thank my dear friend and colleague, Anita G ill for her lifelong friendship and inspiration in education. To my children, David, Dan, and Marty Jane, my thanks for their patience and understanding during this endeavor. Finally, special thanks to ny husband, Albert, who first interested me in a part of my heritage, and whose constant guidance, advice, and inspiration made it all possible. i i i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNGWLEDOffiNTS...................................................................................................i ü LIST OF TABLES............................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES............................................... vii LIST OF MAPS.......................................................................................................... LIST OF EXAMPLES............................................. ix Chapter I. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................... 1 Purpose of the Study ................................................................... 1 Limitations ................................................................................... 2 Need for the Study ....................................................................... 2 Sources of D ata ........................................................................... 5 Organization of Thesis Manuscript ....................................... 6 List of Terms ............................................................................... 2 II. AMERICA}: INDIAN MUSIC AS DERIVED FROM CULTURE.................... 11 Introduction........................................ 11 Asian Origins: A Pre-Stage to H istory................................ 13 Pre-Historic Cultures in America ........................................... 17 Early Eastern History and the Religion of Elder Brother ........................................................................... 20 Sky Deities and S p irits of the Adena ................................ 25 Agrarian Symbolism of Hopewell and Temple Mound . 35 Disruption and Displacement ............................................... 43 Western History with Comparisons to the East .................... 45 The Desert Southwest ............................................................... 48 Northwest Coast ....................................................................... 55 C alifornia ................................................................................... 61 Basin-Plateau and Ghost Dance Movement ............................ 64 Plains, Pan-Indianism, and Peyote Religion .................... 72 iv Page Chapter I I I . MUSICAL STYLES, PERFORMANCE PRACTICES, AND AESTHETICS . 86 Introduction. ........................................................................... 86 A esthetic C riteria Based on Indian Ideology .................... 89 Musical Styles by Area............................................................... 93 The Eastern Musical Style .................................................... 93 The Plains Musical Style ............................................................ I l l The Great Lakes Musical Style ............................................ 121 The Great Basin Musical Style ............................................ 123 Ghost Dance-Peyote Musical Style ................................... 126 Northwest Coast Musical Style ............................................ 127 The Southwest Musical S ty le .....................................................137 Apache (Athabascan) ............................................................ 138 Desert Dwellers ................................................................... 143 P u eb lo s ........................................................................................147 IV. AMERICAN INDIAN MUSIC: A CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVE. 153 Introduction ........................................................................................153 S y n th e sis ............................................................................................153 Educational Implications ................................................................ 163 V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS..................................................................... 177 Introduction ........................................................................................177 Summary................................................................................................178 Music in Indian Culture ..... .................................... 178 Musical Styles................................................................................ 182 Study of Indian Music ................................................................ 186 Conclusions ........................................................................................191 Recommendations fo r Further Research .........................................196 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................198 APPENDICES A. L ist of Recorded Examples ................................................................. 207 (Also see Volume II) B. L ist of Examples .....................................................................................212 C. Indian Linguistic Families North of îfexico ..................................215 D. Discography .............................................................................218 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. C haracteristics of Eastern, Western, andIndian Music S tyles................................................................................... 18 2. Indian B eliefs about Music ........................................................... 28 3. Chronology of World Civilizations ........................................... 32 4. Mayan Accomplishments .................................................................