MYTH AND ILLUSION: PLATO'S REPUBLIC calling all who pretend to be philosophersl calling all who pretend to be philosophers ! Al1 who think this description applies to them should report to the Acropolis for their unemployment benefj-t, which will be at the rate of two minas plus two seed-cakes per head. And anyone who can show a long beard will be eligible for a supplementary a11ov/ance of dried figs. No need to bring any modesty, fairness, or sel.f-coltrol" Theyrre not essential, if you dontt- happen to have any. But every applicant must produce at -Least fi.ve syJ-- logisms, for accordirtg to the regulations you cantt be l^Iise without .l tnem. plato's Republic can be classified as a tragedy, but in terms of the "Bacchae" which role does Socrates play? Is he Pentheus or the Young Stranger, or a little of both? Pentheus combats the irrational or demoniac but the Young Stranger is a philosophical revolutionary who destroys the conventional mythology and morality. There is after all a darkness in the Cave, a modern romantic obsession with horror, wherein lies the tragedy' the reversal of fortune, the hamartia, or tragj-c flaw, and the Eparagmos of not only the Philosopher King but of Philosophy itself. Platorecognizes that the world of myth and belief can have a at devastating effect upon the "truths" of the philosopher and that the philosopher stands best only an even chance in influencing public opinion. _ /, 1 The public is all too ready to treat philosophers and their myths as "aluminum €i+ F^r ^i.r.I-r-Plrrdrb rIL !ur Eparrow8rr aS Do6toyevsky report^s the meeting at Virginskyts in The Possessed. The anti-intellectual and anti-philosophic trend is hardly a novelty t'The if we are to crediL Lucian of Samosatafs brilliant dialogues, Slave Auctiont' and "Fishing for Phonies." Even Socrates himself is knocked down at the bargai-n basement price of two obols, and Philosophy herself has to be coopted to judge the merits of all the conflicting schools and theories. Certainly the reputatj-on of the by classical philosophers j-n antiquity was^no means as sound as modern historians of philosophy would have us believe They worehip a profoundly romantic, intellectual mythology of the golden age of democracy and philosophy in Schlllerrs phrase "wie ganz anders, anders war es da.tt Yet it was Diogenes of Sinope who cynically com- mented: ttA11 Platots lecture6 are worthless," and we find Cato musins that the Athen- ians tolerated Socrates as long as they did Diosenes Laertius in his Lives of the Philosophers finds not only frequent eccentricities but frequenc aasociations with the odd or marvellous. Zeno descends to the dead while Anaxagoras reports dwellings on the moon, for that matter Heraclides assurea us that a man dropped from the moon. Empedocles, while not provi.ng his immortality on Etna, was busy "arresting the violence of the unwearied winds." Letrs throw hirn into a volcano,t'Luciants satire aptly proposes, for Empedocles makes the hybris of classical tragedy look venial in- deed. He tries to be god, and he fal1s. Meanwhile Epirnonidas reputedly slept for fifty-seven years, awakening like the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus or Rip Van Winkle to dj-scover a considerably changed wor1d. Without a doubt the classical philosophers themselves were the subjects of much myth-making and tale-te1ling to the extent that Proclus happily admitted that he preferred Socrates'daimonion to his Idea, whlch is, of course, rank heresy for a neo-Platonist , who 1s supposed to prefer the rational to the irrational 3 According to Diogenes Laertius, whose lives pass back and forth across the boundaries of myth and fact, and who can really tru6t him, Plato "seemed to some too fond of myth." [1e himself was the subject of a mythology which included the belief that he possessed -42 €Ye," but his real greatness a "third in political nythology lies in his abilitv to create masterful illusions. Even such a simple statement runs counter to the received notion that Plators greatness lies in his dialectic method and his application nE i^-^1{+-- ttPhaedrus" or -^+raEronall-ty and logic. ttCratylustt From the to the and the "Timaeus' Plato utilizes nyths for educational purposes. Plato, however, is not only a philo- sopher but also a political theorist. J. A. Stewart in The Myths of plato has col- lected and explored the Platonic rnyths, but most Platonic scholars neglect both their lrrational and their political dimension. Even Stewart devotes only a single page to the "myth of the meta1s," the "royal 1ie," which legitimizes the nepublic.3 The illusions or rnyths in the Republic inelude the "allegory of the cave,', the "myth of the meta1s," the "myth of Er," and the symbollc figures of the unjust man and the shipwreck. Pervading all, however, is Platots greatest creation, the rnyth of 4 Socrates. The Platonic myths in turn relate to illusions of democracy, equality, freedom, justice, ttfalse and which alternate strangely between majoritarian belief" and t'absolutr truth" in the Platonic philosophy. Plato also rejects the traditional mythology of clasiical Greece, the lying, quarrelling Homeric gods, as unfi[ tor the education of youth. the Paideia requires mythos but with a purged content. Plato simultaneously rejects the prevailing power-oriented view of the sophists who attempt to demythologize the classical gods by getting back to their true natut..5 While Plato appeals to reason, he places a number of severe belief d.emands upon the average citizen. A philosopher may be convinced that justice is a division of labor. He may be convinced that it is better to suffer ev11 than to d.o it. He may persuade himself that being punished for a cri-me j-s preferable to going unpunished. He may agree that an ideally just society requi-res a community of wives and properry although Arj-stotle criticises this part of the Republic. To the average citizen all of these Platonic propositions must be accepted as articles of faith, fundamental truths beyond question. Such belief demands are bound to create tension in an ideal sysgem. - /,'). Plato, of course, does not care that much about majoritarian beliefs and average citi-zens, although he does respect Protagoras. He is an aristocrat. In the story of the shipwreck, he bluntly indj-cates the need for a trained captain and theinarchy which can result from democratic navigations. For Plato democracy j-s a verj-table "emporium of constitutions," creating an illusion of freedom 1n the form of license or enslavernent to the appetites. Plato dislikes "democratic man," one of the reasons t.hat he has been so persistently rejected in the American .tradition +/'\r\r+aJc:;s c-/u1 rJ.J\nor. *1V.' a+ct!) Likewise in the autocthonous "myth of the metals" Plato says: 'We will tett l#." "tt as men that they are earth-born brothers.t Thus he manipulates the illusion of equality, being born from the same soi1, to gain obedience to the state. Having initiated his system with an equalitarian illusion, he lnurediately turns to the myth itself, which divides men accordJ-ng to their natures of gold, silver, and iron. He tells the classes that the fi-rst injunction prohibits miscegenation. In both larnist Tibet and Inca Peru a similar nyth of socj-al establishment was used in r^rhich human nature related to the three metals. There are in fact many primitive parallels to Platots myths, which suggest that Plato has a deep insight into human psychology. The passages which elaborate the rnyth of the met-a1s admit tirat the system may not be perfect and that occasionally iron-natured parents may produce a golden natured child or vice versa. Of course. there is no mechanism for di-scoverinq the natural gold among the dross. It seems doubtful also that the demotion of Junior Guardian to classes in remedial Greek is going to go unchallenged. Unless you believe that Senior Guardian is not going to meddle with the records, the system is not workable. Plato tacitly asks for such beliefs. The absence of a mechanism for upward mobility and the probable resistance to dovrnward mobillty are part of the traditional critlque of Plato. In the "Laches," where he treats courage, Plato slips in a sma11 but reveallng connent, which translated into the terms of the myth of the metals means that golden- natured parents do not even usually produce golden-natured offspri-ng. Look at the children of Pericles and Themistocles. Plato knows that eugenics does not work well, yet he purports to construct his system on golden natures. Why? He certainly does not want imperfection in a perfect system because that argues change. Why? I think _44 because he vrants to flatter the Athenian aristocracy into accepting the philo- sopher king program by telling them that their golden-natured progeny sha1l inherit the earth. Plato does believe in his or^rnmyth to a certain extent, but he is far more Machiavellian, far more realistic, than hitherto noted if he is practicing this kind of deception. This is the real "Nob1e Lie." A sinilar Process occurs in the "allegory of the cave" in which the people exist in a world of shadows and i11usj-ons. They mistake the shad.ows for reality. For plato this is the world of majori-tarian belief, which can never be the final determj-nant of morality. Plato recounts how one indivi-dual is liberated and emerges from the cave into a vision of ecstasy in which he perceives the idea of justice and the ldea (Form) Itself.