ACCESSIBLE, JANUARY 2020 BARRIER-FREE MOBILITY Literature Review conducted by ITS America, with the support of AARP and the Autonomous Vehicle Alliance Sara Davidson 1 | Page Kevin Viita TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................4 MOTIVATION .......................................................................................................................................................6 THE DISABILITY COMMUNITY .................................................................................................................. 6 AGING & INDEPENDENT TRAVEL ............................................................................................................ 7 FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL LIMITATIONS ............................................................................................. 7 COMPLETE TRIP ....................................................................................................................................................8 ABLELINK SMART TRAVEL CONCIERGE SYSTEM ...................................................................................... 9 ABLELINK – SMART WAYFINDING STANDARD ..................................................................................... 10 TRX SYSTEMS – SMART WAYFINDING AND NAVIGATION (SWaN) .................................................... 10 OTHER ATTRI PROJECTS ........................................................................................................................ 11 SMART PARKING ................................................................................................................................... 11 CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 12 AUTOMATION ................................................................................................................................................... 13 AUTOMATED VEHICLES ......................................................................................................................... 13 AUTOMATED DEVICES FOR MOBILITY & SIMILAR TECHNOLOGIES ...................................................... 14 CONNECTED-AUTOMATED TECHNOLOGY ........................................................................................... 14 CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 15 MOBILITY ON DEMAND .................................................................................................................................. 18 WHAT IS MOD?..................................................................................................................................... 18 SHARED-MOBILITY FOR CONGESTION MITIGATION ............................................................................ 20 MOD AND FIRST/LAST MILE ACCESSIBILITY .......................................................................................... 21 MOD AND ACCESSIBLE MOBILITY FOR SPECIFIC USE CASES................................................................ 23 MULTIMODAL TRIP PLANNING .............................................................................................................. 25 CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 25 ACCESSIBLE STREETS ....................................................................................................................................... 29 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 29 COMPLETE STREETS ............................................................................................................................... 29 CURB MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................................................ 30 PEDESTRIAN PATH MAPPING ................................................................................................................ 31 SAFE INTERSECTION CROSSING ........................................................................................................... 31 CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 32 2 | Page IN-HAND TECHNOLOGY ................................................................................................................................ 34 EMERGING ASSISTIVE DEVICES............................................................................................................. 34 VEHICLE-TO-PEDESTRIAN COMMUNICATIONS ..................................................................................... 35 SMART CITIES ........................................................................................................................................ 35 CROWDSOURCING & ACCESSIBILITY................................................................................................... 36 ACCESSIBILITY AND HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE .............................................................................. 37 CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 38 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................... 40 FOOTNOTES ...................................................................................................................................................... 41 3 | Page INTRODUCTION Mobility is an important part of everyday life – fundamentally impacting one’s ability to obtain and maintain employment, attend school, access goods and services, and engage with the world. Even as communication technology and connectivity improves (better enabling individuals to work, socialize, and access goods without leaving their house), accessible roads, routes, and transportation options remain critical to ensuring safe, equitable, and inclusive communities. Often, issues of accessibility are discussed with the disability community in mind, including (but not limited to) individuals who face limitations associated with physical mobility, vison, hearing, or cognition. Overcoming barriers faced by members of this community is critical to a transportation network that is accessible to all. There are, however, a range of other factors that can also inhibit independent mobility. Barriers to mobility may, for example, be associated with: • Physical limitation or disability (for instance, loss of hearing, vision, mobility, dexterity, etc.) • Cost (financial barriers, such as prohibitively expensive fares or membership fees) • Coverage: issues of distance or time (gaps in transportation service or availability; for instance, there may be a lack of nearby or timely accessible mobility options needed to cover the complete trip) • Safety/Security (physical well-being, data privacy, etc.; concern regarding the security of passengers, mobility devices, and personal information across the complete trip) • Awareness (limitations associated with knowledge or understanding of available transportation options, related devices/services, eligibility for reduced fare programs, etc.) • Technical limitations (inability to access or use technology – due to, for instance, lack of a smart phone, credit card, etc.) • Design/Upkeep (a system or service’s capacity to function smoothly/effectively for all users; limitations associated with road layout, pavement quality/maintenance, congestion, or design bias – for instance, certain groups may be underrepresented in mobility-related datasets/AI, etc.) For mobility to be “barrier-free” a transportation ecosystem – including the streets, sidewalks, transit, associated technologies, etc. – must be accessible to all users. To this end, it is important for transportation- related devices, services, and spaces to be affordable, understandable, safe, reliable, and usable. A system that is accessible to those who may otherwise face mobility-related hurdles (be the person a wheelchair user, low-vision, low-income, a minor, etc.), will be better for everyone. 4 | Page This literature review will provide insights into the current transportation ecosystem and how emerging mobility trends and technologies can be (and/or are being) leveraged to support and improve accessible and barrier-free mobility for all. This review will focus on the following key topics: • Complete Trip: outlining the importance of the complete travel chain, from origin to destination (including pre-trip planning, wayfinding, travel mode transfers, and navigation to/within public spaces and buildings), and the need for every step of the Complete Trip be accessible. • Automation, exploring the potential role of new and developing automated technology, with a focus on automated vehicles (AVs) – from full-size automobiles to personal automated wheelchairs. • Mobility on Demand (MOD), discussing the range of emerging shared mobility services, pilots, partnerships, and trends, and the impact that these developments may have on accessible mobility. • Accessible streets, focusing on curb management and Complete Streets design concepts that