WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2020 The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. This flagship World Migration Report has been produced in line with IOM’s Environment Policy and is available online only. Printed hard copies have not been made in order to reduce paper, printing and transportation impacts. The report is available for free download at www.iom.int/wmr. Publisher: International Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons P.O. Box 17 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel.: +41 22 717 9111 Fax: +41 22 798 6150 Email: [email protected] Website: www.iom.int ISSN 1561-5502 e-ISBN 978-92-9068-789-4 Cover photos Top: Children from Taro island carry lighter items from IOM’s delivery of food aid funded by USAID, with transport support from the United Nations. © IOM 2013/Joe LOWRY Middle: Rice fields in Southern Bangladesh. © IOM 2016/Amanda NERO Bottom: Ferrick Ibet village, Chad. © IOM 2018/Amanda NERO © 2019 International Organization for Migration (IOM) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. PUB2019/006/L WMR 2020 WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2020 ii WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2020 This volume is the result of a highly collaborative venture involving a multitude of partners and contributors under the direction of the editors. The World Migration Report 2020 project commenced in May 2018 and culminated in the launch of the report in November 2019 by the Director General at the 110th session of IOM Council. The findings, interpretations, conclusions and recommendations expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the views of IOM or its Member States. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. All reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the data referred to in this report, including through data verification. We regret, however, any data errors that may remain. Unless otherwise stated, this report does not refer to data or events after June 2019. The stories behind the photographs can be found on page v. WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2020 iii Editorial, review and production team Editors Marie McAuliffe (IOM) and Binod Khadria (Jawaharlal Nehru University) IOM reviewers Eva Åkerman Börje, Laura Bartolini, Mariana Beheran, Elizabeth Collett, Jill Helke, Manuel Hoff, Dina Ionesco, Michele Klein Solomon, Jobst Kœhler, Laura Lungarotti, Chiara Milano, Daria Mokhnacheva, Mirela Shuteriqi, Jasper Tjaden, Mariam Traore Chazalnoel and Jacqueline Weekers Academic reviewers Maruja Asis, Jørgen Carling, Stephen Castles, Howard Duncan, Gibril Faal, Elizabeth Ferris, Francois Gemenne, Ian Goldin, Sakiko Kanbara, Susan Martin, Marco Pedrotti, Martin Ruhs, Nando Sigona, Ronald Skeldon, Felicity Thomas, Anna Triandafyllidou and Cathy Zimmerman Production manager Valerie Hagger Project administration Frances Solinap and Aurelie Ben Gavriel Copyeditor Michael Gibson Report layout Ramir Recinto IOM research team Marie McAuliffe, Céline Bauloz, Adrian Kitimbo, Michelle Nguyen (part project), Adam Sawyer (part project), Sophie Qu (part project) Translation Spanish Translation Unit (IOM) French Translation Unit (IOM) Acknowledgements The editors are particularly grateful to the authors of the thematic chapters and to all of the IOM and academic reviewers who provided constructive feedback on the draft chapters. We are especially grateful to IOM’s Director General, António Vitorino, and members of IOM’s senior leadership team, who supported this World Migration Report, including Laura Thompson, Eugenio Ambrosi, Jill Helke, Michele Klein Solomon and Clarissa Azkoul. We also wish to acknowledge the governments of Switzerland and Germany for their financial contributions toward the completion of the report. Additional funding to support translations has been received from the Swiss Government, the Canadian Government, USA for IOM, IOM Regional Office for South America and IOM Regional Office for Central and North America and the Caribbean. We wish to thank the following people for their contributions to the report: Idil Atak (International Journal of Migration and Border Studies), Vincent Chetail (Refugee Survey Quarterly), Howard Duncan (International Migration), Alan Gamlen (Migration Studies), Donald Kerwin (Journal on Migration and Human Security), Emmanuel Ma Mung and Véronique Petit (Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales), Anna Triandafyllidou (Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies), Jamie Winders, Pieter Bevelander, Cynthia Feliciano, Filiz Garip and Matthew Hall (International Migration Review), Ross Chainey (World Economic Forum), Hannah Caddick and Amy Leach (Overseas Development Institute), Robert McMahon (Council on Foreign Relations), Jason Naselli and Alan Philips (Chatham House), Homi Kharas, Dany Bahar and Merrell Tuck-Primdahl (Brookings Institution). iv WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2020 Contributors Chapter 1: Report overview: Providing perspective on migration and mobility in increasingly uncertain times Authors: Marie McAuliffe and Binod Khadria Research assistants: Adrian Kitimbo and Berti Olinto Chapter 2: Migration and migrants: A global overview Main contributors: Marie McAuliffe, Céline Bauloz, Michelle Nguyen and Sophie Qu Research assistants and other contributors: Juliane Klatt, Adam Sawyer, Adrian Kitimbo, Reshma Mathews, Kate Dearden, Tristan O’Shea, Noelle Darbellay, Sarah Knight, Muhammad Rizki and Claire Galez-Davis Chapter 3: Migration and migrants: Regional dimensions and developments Main contributors: Marie McAuliffe, Adrian Kitimbo, Guy Abel, Adam Sawyer and Juliane Klatt Research assistants and other contributors: Berti Olinto, Reshma Mathews, Alexander Doggen, Damien Jusselme, Alice Kimani, Lisa Lim Ah Ken, Rudolf Maxwald, Kristina Mejo, Lucie Bertille Motuin, Sophie Nonnenmacher, Sofiane Ouaret, Amr Taha, Ezequiel Texido, Mariko Tomiyama, Laura Nistri, Alina Klehr and Eva Pons Chapter 4: Migration research and analysis: Growth, reach and recent contributions Main contributors: Marie McAuliffe, Céline Bauloz and Michelle Nguyen Research assistants and other contributors: Marie Mundler, Idil Atak (International Journal of Migration and Border Studies), Vincent Chetail (Refugee Survey Quarterly), Howard Duncan (International Migration), Alan Gamlen (Migration Studies), Donald Kerwin (Journal on Migration and Human Security), Emmanuel Ma Mung and Véronique Petit (Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales), Anna Triandafyllidou (Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies), Jamie Winders, Pieter Bevelander, Cynthia Feliciano, Filiz Garip and Matthew Hall (International Migration Review), Ross Chainey (World Economic Forum), Hannah Caddick and Amy Leach (Overseas Development Institute), Robert McMahon (Council on Foreign Relations), Jason Naselli and Alan Philips (Chatham House), Homi Kharas, Dany Bahar and Merrell Tuck-Primdahl (Brookings Institution) Chapter 5: Reflections on migrants’ contributions in an era of increasing disruption and disinformation Authors: Marie McAuliffe, Adrian Kitimbo and Binod Khadria Research Assistant: Michelle Nguyen Chapter 6: Migration, inclusion and social cohesion: Challenges, recent developments and opportunities Authors: Céline Bauloz, Zana Vathi and Diego Acosta Research Assistant: Michelle Nguyen Chapter 7: Migration and Health: Key issues, governance and current knowledge gaps Authors: Jo Vearey, Charles Hui and Kolitha Wickramage Chapter 8: Children and unsafe migration Authors: Jacqueline Bhabha and Guy Abel Chapter 9: Human mobility and adaptation to environmental change Authors: Robert Oakes, Soumyadeep Banerjee and Koko Warner Chapter 10: Migrants caught in crises: Contexts, responses and innovation Authors: Nassim Majidi, Heaven Crawley, Lorenzo Guadagno and Camille Kasavan Research Assistants: Mélissa Cornet and Thomas Yeboah WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2020 v Chapter 11: Recent developments in the global governance of migration: An update to World Migration Report 2018 Authors: Kathleen Newland, Marie McAuliffe and Céline Bauloz Photographs Chapter 1 Participatory video team recording their stories and messages of hope in Herat, Afghanistan. A group of 13 young Afghan women and men spent a week together in Herat to exchange experiences, direct and produce a film about migration. The initiative is part of IOM’s Global Migration Film Festival Participatory Video Project to engage migrants and host communities