Useful Information: Chapter 20 Protists Chapter 21 Fungi Unit 4 Protists and Fungi Objectives Topic 1: Protists Protists are eukaryotes that are not members of the kingdoms, Plantae, Animalia, or Fungi Identify the defining characteristics of animal-like, plant-like and fungus-like protist. Identify the differences between sarcodines and ciliates. Identify structure and function of the paramecium. Topic 2: Fungi Identify the defining characteristics of fungi Label the structure of a club fungus Describe how fungus reproduce Important Dates: 11/10 Vocabulary Due 11/14 Packet Due 11/16 Unit Test Key vocabulary can be found on my website Useful Information: Chapter 20 Protists Chapter 21 Fungi VOCABULARY Word Definition Picture Protist Cilia Flagella Eyespot Food vacuole Contractile vacuole Eukaryote Amoeba Chloroplast Euglena Gullet Oral Groove Useful Information: Chapter 20 Protists Chapter 21 Fungi Paramecium Pseudopods Fungi Spores Saprophytic Parasitic Symbiotic Heterotrophs Hyphae Fruit Body or Cap Chitin Useful Information: Chapter 20 Protists Chapter 21 Fungi Protist and Fungi Unit – Complete all 3 of the following DUE 11/10 A. Watch Videos and take 10 notes on each video B. Complete the attached worksheets C. Answer the multiple-choice questions 1-10 at the end of Chapter 20 and 21. Videos & Notes Watch the following videos – Pause and Rewind as needed to learn and take notes about Protists and Fungi. Each video is about 4 minutes however, this will probably take you about 15 minutes to watch & listen, pause, write, maybe rewind and continue playing the video. You may want to watch it one time through then re-watch/listen while you write your 10 notes. Protists I Biology 4:12 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zsdYOgTbOk&t=3s The Basics of Biology 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Useful Information: Chapter 20 Protists Chapter 21 Fungi Create the Key as you read then Paramecium Coloring color the Paramecium on the other side. Paramecium are unicellular protozoans classified in the 1. Cilia phylum Ciliophora (pronounced sill-ee-uh-FORE-uh), and 2. Pellicle the Kingdom Protista. They live in quiet or stagnant 3. Macronucleus ponds and are an essential part of the food chain. They 4. Micronucleus feed on algae and other microorganisms, and other small 5. Contractile Vacuole organisms eat them. All members of the Phylum 6. Mouth Pore Ciliophora move by tiny hair-like projections called 7. Gullet cilia. Color all cilia black.The paramecium cannot change its shape like the ameba because it has a thick 8. Food Vacuole outer membrane called the pellicle. The pellicle 9. Anal Pore surrounds the cell membrane. Color the pellicle light 10. Trichocysts blue. 11. Ectoplasm 12. Endoplasm There are two types of nuclei (plural of nucleus). The large nucleus is called the macronucleus which controls cell activities such as respiration, protein synthesis and digestion. Color the macronucleus red. The much smaller micronucleus is used only during reproduction, color the micronucleus pink. Reproduction in paramecium involves the exchanging of DNA within the micronucleus. In order to do this, two paramecium lie side by side and join at the mouth pore. This process is called conjugation and is a method of sexual reproduction in other microorganisms. Contractile vacuoles are used in animal cells to remove the excess water. The contractile vacuole is shaped like a star - color the contractile vacuole dark green. Paramecium are heterotrophs, meaning they must consume food for their energy. Food enters the paramecium through the mouth pore (color orange) and goes to the gullet (color dark blue). The area of the paramecium appears pinched inward and is called the oral groove, cilia sweep food into this area. At the end of the gullet, food vacuoles are formed. Food vacuoles then remain in the cytoplasm until the food is digested. Color all food vacuoles light brown. Undigested food particles are eliminated through the anal pore (color dark brown). Paramecium can respond to temperature, food, oxygen and toxins and have a very simple defense mechanism. Just inside the pellicle are threadlike organelles called trichocysts. The paramecium can shoot tiny threads out of the cell to entangle a predator or to make themselves appear bigger. Color the trichocysts purple. Paramecium are also known to exhibit avoidance behavior. This is where the paramecium will move away from a negative or unpleasant stimulus. There are 2 kinds of cytoplasm in the paramecium. The cytoplasm around the edges is clear and is called ectoplasm. Leave the ectoplasm clear. The rest of the cytoplasm is more more dense and appears darker. This is called the endoplasm. Remember that the word "ecto" means outside, and the word "endo" means inside. Color the endoplasm yellow. Useful Information: Chapter 20 Protists Chapter 21 Fungi Questions: 1. Is the paramecium a unicellular or multicellular organism? 2. To what Phylum and Kingdom do paramecium belong? 3. Define heterotroph. 4. What do paramecium eat? 5. How do all members of the Phylum Ciliophora move? 6. Why can't the paramecium change shape like the ameba? 7. What do the macronucleus and micronucleus do? 8. Define conjugation. 9. What is the function of the contractile vacuole? 10. What is the oral groove? 11. Wastes exit the paramecium through what structure? 12. What is the function of the trichocysts? 13. Compare the endoplasm to the ectoplasm. 14. Where do paramecium live? Useful Information: Chapter 20 Protists Chapter 21 Fungi Kingdom Fungi Characteristics 3:05 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hws8NXySjPM&t=75s MooMoo Math and Science 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Useful Information: Chapter 20 Protists Chapter 21 Fungi Useful Information: Chapter 20 Protists Chapter 21 Fungi Fungi 3 - Mushrooms Mushrooms and toadstools form a large group of fungi which live in the soil or in rotting wood. Their mycelia spread through the soil or the dead wood, dissolving and absorbing the organic substances. The fruiting bodies of Psalliota campestris (field mushroom) and Psalliota arvensis (horse mushroom) are edible. The fruiting bodies of toadstools are mostly inedible or even poisonous. Fruiting body. Under favourable conditions some of the hyphae just below the soil, mass together and form a spherical body that grows rapidly and pushes above the surface. As this body grows it develops three distinct regions: a stalk, a cap and gills. At first the cap is joined all round its edge to the stalk but later, as a result of the rapid growth of stalk and cap, the cap breaks free leaving a ring of tissue, the annulus, round the stalk cap fruiting body forming gill annulus stalk stalk mycelium in the soil Development of the mushroom The gills are at first pink, later turning dark brown, and are flat sheets of tissue radiating out from the stalk and hanging vertically downwards from the underside of the cap. Towards the outer edge, where the gills are farther apart, half-length and quarter-length gills are interspersed between the full-length ones. The surfaces of the gills produce millions of spores which are ‘fired’ into the spaces between the gills and fall to the ground or are carried off in air currents. During the three or four days of its active life the fruit body of this fungus is thought to liberate about half a million spores per minute. Each spore, under suitable conditions, is capable of producing a mycelium which may eventually grow into a fruiting body. Mushroom gill pattern .