UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Patterned Exceptions in Phonology A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics by Kie Ross Zuraw 2000 © Copyright by Kie Ross Zuraw 2000 The dissertation of Kie Ross Zuraw is approved ____________________________________ Donka Minkova ____________________________________ Carson Schütze ____________________________________ Bruce Hayes, Committee Co-chair ____________________________________ Donca Steriade, Committee Co-chair University of California, Los Angeles 2000 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Lexical regularities................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1. Regularities within morphemes......................................................................... 1 1.1.1.1. Zimmer’s conundrum................................................................................. 2 1.1.2. Regularities within morphologically complex words .......................................5 1.1.3. Regularities across words.................................................................................. 6 1.2. Exceptions to lexical patterns................................................................................... 7 1.2.1. Regularities in a separate system: the Stochastic Constraint Model................. 8 1.3. Preview of the proposal............................................................................................ 9 1.4. Tagalog...................................................................................................................11 1.4.1. Phonology sketch ............................................................................................ 12 1.4.2. Notes on the data ............................................................................................. 14 1.5. Appendix: OT basics.............................................................................................. 15 2. The model as applied to nasal substitution...............................................................18 2.1. Chapter overview ................................................................................................... 18 2.2. Nasal Substitution ..................................................................................................19 2.2.1. The phenomenon ............................................................................................. 19 2.2.2. Distribution of exceptions ............................................................................... 22 2.2.3. Productivity of nasal substitution....................................................................33 2.3. An experiment........................................................................................................ 36 2.3.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 36 2.3.2. Task I: productivity ......................................................................................... 36 2.3.2.1. Results of Task I....................................................................................... 39 2.3.3. Task II: acceptability....................................................................................... 42 2.3.3.1. Results of Task II ..................................................................................... 42 2.4. The grammar .......................................................................................................... 45 2.4.1. Desiderata for an analysis ............................................................................... 45 2.4.2. Paradigm Uniformity....................................................................................... 45 2.4.3. Input-Output Correspondence ......................................................................... 46 2.4.4. Listedness ........................................................................................................ 49 2.4.5. Constraints specific to nasal substitution ........................................................ 53 2.4.6. Summary of constraints................................................................................... 61 2.4.7. Stochastic constraint ranking .......................................................................... 64 2.5. Representations: encoding exceptionality.............................................................. 67 2.5.1. Substitution diacritics...................................................................................... 68 2.5.2. Underspecification .......................................................................................... 69 2.5.3. Allomorph listing ............................................................................................71 2.6. The Learner ............................................................................................................ 72 2.7. The Speaker............................................................................................................ 78 2.7.1. Probability of a candidate’s being optimal...................................................... 78 2.7.2. Generating a listed form.................................................................................. 80 iii 2.7.3. Generating a novel form.................................................................................. 84 2.8. The Listener ........................................................................................................... 85 2.8.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 85 2.8.2. Reconstructing the underlying form................................................................ 85 2.8.3. Acceptability judgments.................................................................................. 98 2.9. Chapter Summary................................................................................................. 101 2.10. Appendix: experimental stimuli......................................................................... 103 2.11. Appendix: Calculating probabilities of rankings ............................................... 105 2.11.1. Pairwise ranking requirements .................................................................... 105 2.11.2. Complex ranking requirements ................................................................... 108 2.12. Appendix: Sample calculation in Mathematica ................................................. 111 3. Simulating the adoption of a new word...................................................................114 3.1. Chapter overview ................................................................................................. 114 3.2. Assimilated loanwords......................................................................................... 114 3.3. Model of the speech community.......................................................................... 118 3.4. How the simulation works ................................................................................... 121 3.5. Simulation results.................................................................................................124 3.6. Chapter summary ................................................................................................. 127 3.7. Appendix: Functions used in the simulation........................................................ 128 4. The model as applied to vowel height alternations ................................................129 4.1. Chapter overview ................................................................................................. 129 4.2. Vowel height in Tagalog...................................................................................... 130 4.3. Analysis of vowel lowering/raising ..................................................................... 135 4.4. Aggressive Reduplication .................................................................................... 139 4.4.1. Analysis......................................................................................................... 146 4.5. Distribution of exceptions in the loanword vocabulary ....................................... 152 4.5.1. Aggressive Reduplication applied to the vowel raising ................................ 156 4.6. Similarity along other dimensions .......................................................................162 4.7. Representations .................................................................................................... 168 4.7.1. Separate entries for derivatives?.................................................................... 168 4.7.2. Environment-tagged allomorphs ................................................................... 169 4.8. Modeling raising ..................................................................................................175 4.9. Learnability .......................................................................................................... 179 4.10. Chapter summary ............................................................................................... 182 4.11. Appendix: statistical significance of influences on raising................................ 183 5. Alternatives to Encoding Lexical Regularities in the Grammar .........................