Canis Africanis VAN SITTERT_Prelims_i-iv.indd i 9/20/2007 7:02:12 PM Human-Animal Studies Editor Kenneth Shapiro Animals & Society Institute Editorial Board Ralph Acampora Hofstra University Clifton Flynn University of South Carolina Hilda Kean Ruskin College, Oxford Randy Malamud Georgia State University Gail Melson Purdue University VOLUME 5 VAN SITTERT_Prelims_i-iv.indd ii 9/20/2007 7:02:13 PM Canis Africanis A Dog History of Southern Africa Edited by Lance van Sittert and Sandra Swart LEIDEN • BOSTON 2008 VAN SITTERT_Prelims_i-iv.indd iii 9/20/2007 7:02:13 PM Cover design: Wim Goedhart Cover illustration: Title of art work: Bitumen Dogs Artist: Imke Rust (P.O. Box 86241, Windhoek, Namibia) Triptych 97 76cm each. Acrylic and bitumen on cardboard Permanent Collection of the Arts Association of Namibia Copyright © Imke Rust This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Hollander, David B. (David Bruce) Money in the late Roman Republic / by David B. Hollander. p. cm. — (Columbia studies in the classical tradition ; 29) Based on the author’s Ph.D. thesis, Roman money in the late Republic, presented to Columbia University in 2002. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-90-04-15649-4 ISBN-10: 90-04-15649-6 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Money—Rome—History. 2. Coinage—Rome—History. 3. Monetary policy—Rome—History. 4. Rome—Economic conditions. I. Title. HG237.H636 2007 332.4'93709014—dc22 2006051844 ISSN 1573-4226 ISBN 978 90 04 15419 3 Copyright 2008 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishers, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands VAN SITTERT_Prelims_i-iv.indd iv 9/20/2007 7:02:14 PM For Shumba Swart, 1998–2007 and Davey van Sittert, 1991–2002 VAN SITTERT_F1_v-xii.indd v 9/20/2007 7:02:27 PM VAN SITTERT_F1_v-xii.indd vi 9/20/2007 7:02:28 PM CONTENTS List of Illustrations ...................................................................... ix Notes on Contributors ................................................................ xi Canis Familiaris: A Dog History of Southern Africa .................. 1 Lance van Sittert and Sandra Swart Africanis: The Pre-Colonial Dog of Africa ............................... 35 Tim Maggs and Judith Sealy A Short Paper about a Dog ....................................................... 53 Susie Newton-King What the Dogs Knew: Intelligence and Morality in the Cape Colony .......................................................................... 77 Elizabeth Green Musselman Dogs and the Public Sphere: The Ordering of Social Space in Early Nineteenth-Century Cape Town ............................. 91 Kirsten McKenzie Class and Canicide in Little Bess: The 1893 Port Elizabeth Rabies Epidemic .................................................................... 111 Lance van Sittert Dogs, Poison and the Meaning of Colonial Intervention in the Transkei, South Africa ..................................................... 145 Jacob Tropp Fido: Dog Tales of Colonialism in Namibia ............................. 173 Robert J. Gordon Police Dogs and State Rationality in Early Twentieth-Century South Africa ............................................................................ 193 Keith Shear VAN SITTERT_F1_v-xii.indd vii 9/20/2007 7:02:29 PM viii contents ‘Gone to the Dogs’: The Cultural Politics of Gambling— The Rise and Fall of British Greyhound Racing on the Witwatersrand, 1932–1949 ..................................................... 217 Albert Grundlingh Social Subjects: Representations of Dogs in South African Fiction in English .................................................................... 235 Wendy Woodward The Canine Metaphor in the Visual Arts ................................. 263 Meredith Palumbo Dogs and Dogma: A Discussion of the Socio-Political Construction of Southern African Dog ‘Breeds’ as a Window onto Social History .................................................. 267 Sandra Swart Index ........................................................................................... 289 VAN SITTERT_F1_v-xii.indd viii 9/20/2007 7:02:29 PM LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Cover illustration by Imke Rust. 1. Canine Census, 1911 ........................................................... 15 2. Rhodesian ridgeback: ‘Eskdale Connie’, Bulawayo Show, 1925 ...................................................................................... 17 3. South African Kennel Union Breed with Highest Annual Registration 1934–2001 ....................................................... 19 4. RSA 21c Stamp, February 1991 ......................................... 21 5. Animals Destroyed by Cape Town and Johannesburg SPCAs, 1896–1961 .............................................................. 25 6. National Party Minister of Co-operation and Development, Piet Koornhoff receives the freedom of Soweto, 15 October 1980 .................................................... 28 7. Willie Bester, Dogs of War, 2001 ........................................ 31 8. Lady Anne Barnard’s sketch of a young Cape coloured woman caring for two young children, a dog at her feet, c. 1796–1803 ........................................................................ 77 9. Little Bess, c. 1888 ............................................................... 114 10. The ‘Guns’: Easter hunt, Wycombe Vale, 1888 ................. 118 11. The Beaters, Easter hunt, Wycombe Vale, 1884 ................ 120 12. Port Elizabeth Municipal Dog and Hunting Licence Issues 1852–1902 ................................................................. 126 13. The South African Kennel Club Committee, 1883 and 1893 ...................................................................................... 128 14. Canicide in Little Bess, 1893 ............................................... 132 15. The commissioner of police saluting the Cato Manor Dog Memorial ..................................................................... 210 16. The traditional role of the Africanis ................................... 274 VAN SITTERT_F1_v-xii.indd ix 9/20/2007 7:02:29 PM VAN SITTERT_F1_v-xii.indd x 9/20/2007 7:02:29 PM NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Robert J. Gordon teaches anthropology at the University of Vermont. He has published widely on Namibia and is currently developing a comparative perspective on the former mandates of New Guinea and South West Africa to be published as a book. Elizabeth Green Musselman is associate professor of history at Southwestern University, just outside Austin, Texas, in the U.S. She specializes in the cultural and world history of science, and is writing a book-length comparative study of how colonial South African cul- tures circa 1750–1850 understood nature. Her previous book, Nervous Conditions: Science and the Body Politic in Early Industrial Britain, was published in 2006 by the State University of New York Press. Albert Grundlingh is Professor and Head of the History Department at the University of Stellenbosch. He has published widely on South African social history and historiography. Kirsten McKenzie has been Lecturer in History at the University of Sydney since 2002. She has published on the themes of British impe- rial bourgeois culture and respectability. Her book Scandal in the Colonies: Sydney and Cape Town, 1820–1850 (Melbourne University Publishing, 2004) was awarded the Crawford medal by the Australian Academy of the Humanities. Tim Maggs is former Head of the Department of Archaeology at the Natal Museum, and currently Honorary Professor in the Department of Archaeology at the University of Cape Town. He has worked on pre-colonial farming communities in South Africa, especially on the southern Highveld and in KwaZulu/Natal. He has kept African dogs for more than 20 years. Susie Newton-King was educated at the universities of Cape Town and London. She teaches at the University of the Western Cape and researches the social history of the Cape in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. She is a keen participant in team research with colleagues from the University of Cape Town. VAN SITTERT_F1_v-xii.indd xi 9/20/2007 7:02:29 PM xii notes on contributors Meredith Palumbo received her Ph.D. in African art history from Indiana University. Her area of specialty is modern and contemporary Namibian art. Currently, Dr. Palumbo is an assistant professor of Non- Western art at the Kendall College of Art and Design of Ferris State University in Michigan in the United States. Imke Rust is best known for raising political questions in Namibia through striking and unique images. Born 1975 in Windhoek, she studied visual arts through UNISA and has won the Namibia Biennale twice. She had several solo exhibitions in Namibia and Europe, has received the DAAD Berliner Künstlerprogramm and is the author of articles on Namibian art. Judith Sealy is an Associate Professor