Chemistry DATA BOOKLET Chemistry DATA BOOKLET Chemistry Data Booklet © Crown copyright, Province of Nova Scotia, 2013 Prepared by the Department of Education and Early Childhood Development The contents of this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part provided the intended use is for non-commercial purposes and full acknowledgment is given to the Nova Scotia Department of Education and Early Childhood Development. Cover image may not be extracted or reused. Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Main entry under title. Chemistry : data booklet / Nova Scotia. Department of Education and Early Childhood Development. ISBN: 978-1-55457-524-4 1. Chemistry—Study and teaching (Secondary). 2. Chemistry—Study and Teaching—Nova Scotia. 3. Science—Study and teaching. I. Nova Scotia. Department of Education and Early Childhood Development. 540.712—dc23 2013 Contents Introduction . 1 Periodic Table of The Elements . .2 Table of Common Polyatomic Ions . .3 Chemistry Notation . 4 Solubility of Some Common Ionic Compounds in Water at 298 1. 5 °K . .4 Flame Colour of Elements . 5 Selected SI (Système International) Prefixes . 5 Table of Selected Standard Electrode Potentials . .6 Acid–Base Indicators at 298.15 °K . .7 Colours of Common Aqueous Ions . 7 Names of the Elements . .8 First Ionization Energy, Electron Affinity, and Electronegativity of the Elements . .9 Covalent Bond Lengths and Bond Enthalpies . 11 Thermodynamic Data of Organic Compounds . 12 Enthalpies of Combustion . 13 Standard Electrode Potentials . .14 Strengths of Organics . 15 Carboxylic acids . 15 Halogenated carboxylic acids . 15 Phenols . 15 Alcohols . 15 Amines . 16 Acid–Base Indicators . .16 Examples of Structural Formulas . 17 Medicines and Drugs . 17 Biological Molecules . 18 Examples of Common Ion Names, Formulas, and Charges . 19 Solubility of Common Compounds in Water . .20 Solubility Product Constants at 25°C . 21 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases . .22 Standard Reduction Potentials of Half-Cells . .23 Acid to Base Indicators . .25 Solubility Table . .26 Standard Heats of Formation at 298.15 K (25°C) . 27 References . .29 iii CHEMISTRY DATA BOOKLET Introduction Chemistry is part of the science curriculum from primary to grade 12 . This chemistry data booklet is intended for student use for class work and assessments . This booklet is helpful for Science 9, Science 10, all chemistry classes, and Food Science 12 . 1 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOKLET 2 Periodic Table of The Elements 1 18 1 1. 01 2 4.00 +1 0 –1 1 H He 2 atomic number average atomic mass* 13 14 15 16 17 hydrogen oxidation states helium 3 6.94 4 9.01 5 10.81 6 12.01 7 14.01 8 16.00 9 19.00 10 20.18 +1 +2 +3 +2 +1 –2 -1 0 Symbol +4 +2 2 –4 +3 Li Be B C N +4 O F Ne +5 element name –1 lithium berylium boron carbon nitrogen –2 oxygen fluorine neon –3 11 22.99 12 24.31 13 26.98 14 28.09 15 30.97 16 32.07 17 35.45 18 39.95 +1 +2 +3 +2 +3 +4 +1 0 +4 +5 +6 +5 3 Transitional Elements –4 –3 –2 +7 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl –1 Ar sodium magnesium 3 45678910 11 12 aluminum silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon 19 39.10 20 40.08 21 44.96 22 47.87 23 50.94 24 52.00 25 54.94 26 55.85 27 58.93 28 58.69 29 63.55 30 65.39 31 69.72 32 72.61 33 74.92 34 78.96 35 79.90 36 83.80 +1 +2 +3 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +1 +2 +3 +2 +3 +4 +1 0 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +2 +4 +5 +6 +5 4 +4 +4 +6 +4 –3 –2 –1 K Ca Sc Ti V +5 Cr Mn +7 Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium maganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton 37 85.47 38 87.62 39 88.91 40 91.22 41 92.91 42 95.94 43 (98) 44 101.07 45 102.91 46 106.42 47 107.87 48 112.41 49 114.82 50 118.71 51 121. 76 52 127.60 53 126.90 54 131.29 +1 +2 +3 +4 +3 +6 +4 +3 +3 +2 +1 +2 +3 +2 +3 +4 +1 0 +5 +6 +3 +4 +5 +6 +5 5 +7 –3 –2 +7 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I –1 Xe rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon CHEMISTRY DATA BOOKLET DATA CHEMISTRY 55 132.91 56 137.33 57 138.91 72 178.49 73 180.95 74 183.21 75 186.21 76 190.23 77 192.22 78 195.08 79 196.97 80 200.59 81 204.38 82 207.20 83 208.98 84 (209) 85 (210) 86 (222) +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +4 +3 +3 +2 +1 +1 +1 +2 +3 +2 0 +6 +4 +4 +4 +3 +2 +3 +4 +5 +4 6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re +7 Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn cesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon 87 (223) 88 (226) 89 (227) 104 (261) 105 (262) 106 (266) 107 (264) 108 (269) 109 (268) 110 (271) 111 (272) 112 (277) 113 (282) 114 (285) 115 (288) 116 (289) +1 +2 +3 +4 7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Fl Uup Lv francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium ununtrium flerovium ununpentium livermorium elements 113 and 115 have not yet been officially named Inner Transitional Elements 58 140.12 59 140.90 60 144.24 61 (145) 62 150.36 63 151.96 64 157.25 65 158.93 66 162.50 67 164.93 68 167.26 69 168.93 70 173.04 71 174.97 +3 +3 +3 +3 +2 +2 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +2 +3 +4 +3 +3 +3 8 Lanthanoids Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium 90 232.04 91 231.04 92 238.03 93 237.05 94 (244) 95 (243) 96 (247) 97 (247) 98 (251) 99 (252) 100 (257) 101 (258) 102 (259) 103 (262) +4 +5 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +2 +2 +3 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +3 +3 9 Actinoids +5 +5 +5 +5 Th Pa U +6 Np+6 Pu +6 Am +6 Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium *Average atomic mass values in parenthesis represent the mass of the most stable isotope. Table of Common Polyatomic Ions – acetate (ethanoate) CH3COO + ammonium NH4 – benzoate C6H5COO 3– borate BO3 2– carbide C2 2– carbonate CO3 – hydrogen carbonate HCO3 – perchlorate CIO4 – chlorate CIO3 – chlorite CIO2 hypochlorite OCl– or CIO– 2– chromate CrO4 2– dichromate Cr2O7 cyanide CN– hydroxide OH– – iodate IO3 – nitrate NO3 – nitrite NO2 oxalate OOCCOO2– hydrogen oxalate HOOCCOO– – permanganate MnO4 2– peroxide O2 2– persulfide S2 3– phosphate PO4 2– hydrogen phosphate HPO4 – dihydrogen phosphate H2PO4 2– silicate SiO3 2– sulfate SO4 – hydrogen sulfate HSO4 2– sulfite SO3 – hydrogen sulfite HSO3 hydrogen sulfide HS– thiocyanate SCN– 2– thiosulfate S2O3 3 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOKLET Chemistry Notation Symbol Term Unit(s) c specific heat capacity J/(g·°C) or J/(g·K) E° standard electrical potential V or J/C ΔH enthalpy (heat) kJ ΔH°f standard molar enthalpy of formation kJ/mol I current A or C/s Kc equilibrium constant — Ka acid ionization (dissociation) constant — Kb base ionization (dissociation) constant — M molar mass g/mol m mass g n amount of substance mol Q charge C T temperature (absolute) K t temperature (Celsius) °C t time s V volume L c amount concentration mol/L Solubility of Some Common Ionic Compounds in Water at 298.15 °K – – 2– 2– – – Ion Group 1 ions F Cl SO4 CO3 IO3 OH + – 3– 2– NH4 Br PO4 OOCCOO – – 2– NO3 I SO3 – ClO3 – ClO4 – CH3COO Solubility most most most most Group 1 ions Group 1 ions Group 1 ions + + + greater than NH4 NH4 NH4 or equal to 0 1. Co(IO3)2 mol/L Fe2(OOCCOO)3 (very soluble) + + 2+ Solubility less RbClO4 Li Cu Ca most most most 2+ + 2+ than 0 1. mol/L CsClO4 Mg Ag Sr 2+ 2+ 2+ (slightly AgCH3COO Ca Hg2 Ba 2+ 2+ + soluble) Hg2(CH3COO)2 Sr Pb Ag 2+ + 2+ Ba Tl Hg2 2+ 2+ Fe Pb 2+ 2+ Hg2 Ra Pb2+ Note: This solubility table is only a guideline that is established using the Ksp values . A concentration 2+ of 0 1. mol/L corresponds to approximately 10 g/L to 30 g/L depending on molar mass . Hg2 is a polyatomic ion of mercury . 4 CHEMISTRY DATA BOOKLET Flame Colour of Elements Element Symbol Colour barium Ba yellowish green boron B yellowish green calcium Ca yellowish red cesium Cs violet copper Cu blue to green lead Pb blue-white lithium Li red potassium K violet rubidium Rb violet sodium Na yellow strontium Sr scarlet red Note: The flame test can be used to determine the identity of a metal or a metal ion .