QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY. CENTRE FOR SOCIAL CHANGE RESEARCH. PhD THESIS. TOPIC: The Origin and Setting of the National Goals and Directive Principles in the process of writing the Constitution of Papua New Guinea. Sam Sirox Kari ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Statement on Access Acknowledgment Glossary Introduction 1- 3 Chapter 1. Conceptual origin of Papua New Guinea’s National Goals and Directive Principles. 4- 36 Chapter 2. Vision: Planning Papua New Guinea’s Future. 37-75 Chapter 3. Background History from 1950 – 1975. 76 -102 Chapter 4. Path to independence: Was there a national agenda? 103-135 Chapter 5. Australia’s role in setting the NGDPs 1960-1975. 136 -185 Chapter 6. The Constitutional Planning Committee and the Setting of National Goals and Directive Principles 186- 244 Chapter 7. Application of NGDPs after 1975. 245 - 298 Chapter 8. Conclusion 299-310 Bibliography A. Books, Journals and articles. 311 - 345 B. Printed Papers. 346 - 353 C. Interviews. 353-351 D. Hansard. 351 E. Newspapers. 351 F. Manuscripts. 352-354. iii Statement on Access I, Sam Sirox Kari, the author of this thesis, am fully aware that Queensland University of Technology, Australia, will make it available for use within the University Library and by microfilm or other means, which would allow access by users in other institutions. All scholars having access to this thesis must make proper acknowledgement of all information obtained from the thesis and agree not to copy or closely paraphrase it in all or part without the consent of the author. I declare that this thesis is my own work and has not been submitted in any form for another degree or diploma at any university or institutions of tertiary education. All information derived from the published or unpublished work of other scholars has been acknowledged in the text, by footnotes and bibliography. Sam Sirox Kari Date---------------------------------- iv Acknowledgement I sincerely acknowledge God’s Knowledge and Wisdom in guiding, enriching and giving me sound mind every day to complete this study. Studying for this PhD degree was made possible by commitment from individuals, organisations and institutions. It is vital that I acknowledge their assistance, contribution and commitment. I am particularly indebted to my principal supervisor, Dr. Max Qunachi of QUT, Carseldine Campus, School of Humanities and Human Services for constructive criticism, directions, guidance and encouragement in writing and completing this thesis. He has guided and directed my thinking and writing to reach this final product. I also thank associate supervisor Carl Trocki, the Head of the School of Humanities and Human Services, Prof. Clive Bean, and academic staff for their support, encouragement and friendly fellowship. Alison McCallum, Research officer, Centre for Social Change Research, gave valuable support, Administration officers Kerri Pert, Gail Turnbull and Margaret Miles who also gave their support. Also, I extend my appreciation to pastors Wayne Shemish, Arthur Blake and members of the Good Shepherd Baptist Church for moral and spiritual support rendered to my family and me. I wish to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my wife Melony Sirox Kari and children Shamiah Werenu Sirox Kari, Shamilah Mirie Sirox Kari, Adelaide Abshang Sirox Kari, Vivian Nicole Siwinue Sirox Kari, Kasandy Jordon Sirox v Kari, and Job Kapu Sirox Kari. They have endured hardship, struggle, and sacrifices with me during my past and present studies. I personally would have not achieved this result without their valuable support, endurance, patience, sacrifices and encouragement. This is their achievement and I dedicate it to them. During my field trip to Papua New Guinea the following people and organizations were very helpful and supportive. I deeply appreciate the management team of the Department of Trade and Industry and Commerce for open, meaningful discussion and allowing me to have access to the department’s policy documents and related materials. Associate Professor History, Philosophy & Gender Studies Strand School of Humanities & Social Sciences at the University of Papua New Guinea for the office space and encouragement. I also acknowledge the help of the staff at the UPNG-Somare Library, Parliament Library, National Library and National Archives, the Office of the Higher Education Papua New Guinea and John Kapi of the Kutubu Landowners Association for financial assistance. My thanks to Francis Waibe and Sode Jacob for hospitality and to Roy Yaki, Jim Pakawi and staff of the Minerals and Energy Ministry for the use of their office and facilities as well as Mr & Mrs Leonard Tale for their warm hospitality and for providing me a car to move around in Port Moresby. I offer a very special appreciation to my grandmother, Ms Werenue Yasa, for her tender care, upbringing and supporting me during my early days of schooling. I take this opportunity to acknowledge Warea Paita and wife vi Sakambo, late Pereya Jude and wife Alice Pisimi for care and support during my school days. Without their support in the early days of my schooling, I would not have reached this stage. I am indebted to my dear mother in-law, Mrs Mare Mongea, for her prayers and moral support during past and present studies. My brother, Reben Kari, for his loyalty, support and prayers. Both left this earth to be with God during my study. I am sure this means nothing to both now but I just wish that both were around to see this achievement and the celebration. Also I wish to acknowledge my close family members and relatives, who have been supporting me morally and with prayers. Mark and Margaret Maip in Hagen, Sabstaine and Tone Tawa in Lae, Nema and Tereno Kapiri in Lae, Warea and Sakambo Paita in Ialibu, Bennie and Jenny Irali Porgera, and other family members in PNG. Finally but not the least, I wish to acknowledge the support from the University of Goroka, members of the Social Science and Commerce Department for allowing me to go on study leave. I extend my gratitude to the Australian government (AUSAid) for funding my studies. This is a very worthy sponsorship and I humbly thank all Australian taxpayers. vii Abbreviations. ADB: Asian Development Bank. APEC: Asia Pacific Economic Corporation. AUD: Australian Dollar. BCL; Bougainville Cooper Limited. CIA: Coffee Industry Authority. CPC: Constitutional Planning Committee. CRA: Conzinc Riotinto Australia. CSR: Colonial Sugar Refining Company. GDP: Gross Domestic Product. GNP: Gross National Product. IASER: Institute of Applied Social and Economic Research. ICO: International Coffee Organisation. IMF: International Monetary Fund. IRDP: Integrated Rural Development Programme. LDAS: Less Developed Area Scheme. NEC: National Executive Council. NGDPs: National Goals and Directive Principles. NISIT: National Institute of Standards and Industrial Technology. PANGU: Papua New Guinea Unity, (political party). POSF: Public Officers Superannuation Funds Board. PNG: Papua New Guinea. PPP: Peoples Progress Party. (Political party) SBDC: Small Business Development Cooperation. SCPD: Select Committee on Political Development. SCCD: Select Committee on Constitutional Planning Committee. SME: Small and Medium Enterprise. TANU: Tanganyika African National Union. TPNG: Territory of Papua and New Guinea. UN: United Nations. UNDP: United Nations Development Program. UPNG: University of Papua New Guinea. UNTC: United Nations Trusteeship Councils. UP: United Party, (Political party) USA: United States of America. WB: World Bank. WTO; World Trade Organisation. 1 Introduction Papua New Guinea achieved its independence on September 16 1975. Five National Goals and Directive Principles underwrote the modern nation of Papua New Guinea. In the process of planning and writing the constitution, the Constitutional Planning Committee assumed the National Goals and Directive Principles would guide social and economic development during the post-independence era. These five national goals emerged from a ninety-one years of European intrusion, exploitation, discrimination and dominance, unequal distribution of wealth and reluctant tutelage in the Western democratic process. They also emerged in 1960-75 in a sudden onslaught of committee structures, advisory bodies and parliamentary and consultative processes developed to equip Papua New Guinea with a prosperous post-independence future. The vision of the five National Goals and Directive Principles compelled post- independence governments to deliver social, economic and political development with consideration for integral human development, equality, economic self-reliance, national sovereignty, protection of the natural environment, and using Papua New Guinea’s traditional institutions. The goals were integrated in the constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, however the National Goals and Directive Principles were ignored or only given passing acknowledgement by successive governments. Political instability meant governments did not translate, for example, the vision of National Sovereignty and Self-reliance goal to a coherent economic policy. The National Goals and Directive Principles were a road map, which the new nation could follow when Australia, the colonial ruler had departed. 2 But some subsequent policies actually contradicted the aspirations, advice and nationalist blueprint declared in the constitution. This thesis investigates the origins and meaning of the National Goals and Directive Principles, and the processes leading to their tabling, discussion and drafting