•. Prepared in cooperation with the University of Minnesota and the Minnesota Geological Survey Cyclic Injection, Storage, and Withdrawal of Heated Water in a Sandstone Aquifer at St. Paul, Minnesota Analysis of Thermal Data and Non isothermal Modeling of Long-Term Test Cycles 1 and 2 U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1530-C J ,. ' ~.... ... U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cyclic Injection, Storage, and Withdrawal of Heated Water in a Sandstone Aquifer at St. Paul, Minnesota 1 2 1 3 By G.N. DEILN , M.C. HOYER , T.A. WINTERSTEIN andR.T. MILLER Analysis of Thermal Data and Non isothermal Modeling of Long-Term Test Cycles 1 and 2 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1530-C Prepared in cooperation with the University of Minnesota and the Minnesota Geological Survey 1 U.S. Geological Surrvey, Mounds View, Minnesota 2 University of Minnesota, Underground Space Center, Department of Civil Engineering, Minneapolis, Minnesota 3 Groundwater Investigations, Inc., Pine Bush, New York U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Gale A. Norton, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Charles G. Groat, Director Use of brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. Mound View, Minnesota, 2002 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publications Data Delin, G.N., Hoyer, M.C., Winterstein, T.A., and Miller, R.T Cyclic injection, storage, and withdrawal of heated water in a sandstone aquifer at St. Paul, Minnesota I G.N. Delin, M.C. Hoyer, T.A. Winterstein, and R.T. Miller. 80 p., 28 em.- (Analysis of thermal data and nonisothermal modeling of long-term test cycles 1 and 2) (U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper; 1530-C) "Prepared in cooperation wth the University of Minnesota and the Minnesota Geological Survey." Includes bibliographic references (p. 79). ISBN 0-607-99152-6 Supt. of Docs. no.: 119.16: 1530-C 1. Hot-air heating. 2. Hot water. 3. Water-storage-Minnesota-St. Paul. 4. Aquifers-Minnesota-St. Paul. I. Univesity of Minnesota. II. Minnesota Geological Survey. Ill. Title. IV. Series. V. Series: U.S. Geological Survey professional paper; 1530-C. TH7602.M55 2002 92-23497 697'.4-dc20 CIP For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services, Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225 CONTENTS Abstract .................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 1 Purpose and scope . .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 Hydrogeologic setting .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Aquifer selection .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Description of test facility . .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ... .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. 5 Long-term test cycles 1 and 2 ................................................................................................................................................ 7 Analysis of thermal data for long-term test cycles I and 2 ................................................................................................... 11 Temperature as a function of time ............................................................................................................................... II Temperature profiles .................................................................................................................................................... 3 8 Discussion of thermal data .......................................................................................................................................... 45 Nonisothermal modeling of long-term test cycles I and 2 .................................................................................................... 45 Simulation of model anisotropy .................................................................................................................................. 4 7 Discretization of aquifer system .................................................................. :............................................................... 47 Boundary and initial conditions ................................................................................................................................... 48 Model calibration ......................................................................................................................................................... 48 Analysis of simulations ............................................................................................................................................... 52 Summary ................................................................................................................................................................................ 78 References ............................................................................................................................................................................. 79 Illustrations Figure I. Map and block diagram showing location and generalized schematic diagram of hydrogeology of the Aquifer Thermal-Energy Storage site ................................................................................................................... 2 2. Map showing plan view of the Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage site ................................................................... 6 3. Schematic diagram of sites A and Bat the Aquifer Thermal-Energy Storage site ................................................ 7 4. Schematic section showing depths of screened intervals of observation wells, stratigraphy, and location of measurement points of the Aquifer Thermal-Energy Storage site ........................................................................ 8 5. Diagram showing model grid and position of observation wells at various depths .............................................. I 0 Figures 6-22. Graphs showing: 6. Temperatures at the wellhead in production well A during long-term test cycle I, November I984 through May I985 ............................................................................................................................................................... I2 7. Temperatures in observation well AMI during long-term test cycle I, November I984 through May I985 ...... I4 8. Temperatures in observation well ASI during long-term test cycle I, November I984 through May I985 ........ I6 9. Temperatures in observation well AM2 during long-term test cycle I, November I984 through May I985 ....... 18 IO. Temperatures in observation well AM3 during long-term test cycle I, November I984 through May I985 ..... 20 Il. Temperatures in observation well AM4 during long-term test cycle I, November I984 through May I985 ..... 22 I2. Temperatures in production well A during long-term test cycle 2, October I986 through Aprili987 ............... 24 13. Temperatures in observation well AMI during long-term test cycle 2, October I986 through Aprill987 ........ 26 14. Temperatures in observation well AS 1 during long-term test cycle 2, October 1986 through April 1987 ......... 28 15. Temperatures in observation well AM2 during long-term test cycle 2, October 1986 through April1987 ........ 30 16. Temperatures in observation well AM3 during long-term test cycle 2, October 1986 through April1987 ........ 32 I7. Temperatures in observation well AM4 during long-term test cycle 2, October 1986 through Aprili987 ........ 34 I8. Temperatures measured in observation well AMI at the beginning of injection and at the end of injection, storage, and withdrawal for long-term test cycles 1 and 2 .................................................................................... 40 I9. Temperatures measured in observation well AS I at the beginning of injection and at the end of injection, storage, and withdrawal for long-term test cycles 1 and 2 .................................................................................... 41 III Illustrations-Continued 20. Temperatures measured in observation well AM2 at the beginning of injection and at the end of injection, storage, and withdrawal for long-term test cycles 1 and 2 .................................................................................... 42 21. Temperatures measured in observation well AM3 at the beginning of injection and at the end of injection, storage, and withdrawal for long-term test cycles 1 and 2 .................................................................................... 43 22. Temperatures measured in observation well AM4 at the beginning of injection and at the end of injection, storage, and withdrawal for long-term test cycles 1 and 2 .................................................................................... 44 Figures 23-24. Diagrams showing: 23. Model grid and flow net for the Ironton and Galesville Sandstones near production well A for the long-term test cycles ............................................................................................................................................. 49 24. Model grid and flow net