Zhang, L. (2017) Foundations of research in creative computing. PhD thesis, Bath Spa University. ResearchSPAce http://researchspace.bathspa.ac.uk/ Your access and use of this document is based on your acceptance of the ResearchSPAce Metadata and Data Policies, as well as applicable law:- https://researchspace.bathspa.ac.uk/policies.html Unless you accept the terms of these Policies in full, you do not have permission to download this document. This cover sheet may not be removed from the document. Please scroll down to view the document. Foundations of Research in Creative Computing Lu Zhang Ph.D. Centre for Creative Computing Bath Spa University May 2017 To my parents, Wanjun Zhang and Xiuzhi Liu for their love and support Copyright and Declaration Copyright ‘This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that my thesis is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge break any UK law or infringe any third party’s copyright or other intellectual property right’ Declaration I declare that the work described in this thesis was originally carried out by me during the period of registration for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at De Montfort University and Bath Spa University, UK, from October 2012 to March 2016. It is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Bath Spa University. Apart from the degree that this thesis is currently applying for, no other academic degree or award was applied for by me based on this work. I Publication List Publication List [1] Lu Zhang and Hongji Yang, “Definition, Research Scope and Challenges of Creative Computing,” The 19th International Conference on Automation and Computing (ICAC), 2013. [2] Lu Zhang and Hongji Yang, “Conducting Inter-Disciplinary Research for Enhancing Internetware Properties,” The 5th Asia-Pacific Symposium on Internetware, 2013. [3] Hongji Yang and Lu Zhang, “Controlling and Being Creative: Software Cybernetics and Creative Computing,” IEEE 38th Computer Software and Applications Conference Workshops (COMPSACW), 2014. [4] Lu Zhang and Hongji Yang, “Knowledge Discovery in Creative Computing for Creative Tasks,” Springer Communications in Computer and Information Science (CCIS), Springer, Berlin, 2015. [5] Lu Zhang and Hongji Yang, “Knowledge Integration in Creative Computing for Creative Rules Generation,” Digital Communications and Networks, 2015. Submitted. [6] Hongji Yang and Lu Zhang, “Promoting Creative Computing: Origin, Scope, Research, and Applications,” Digital Communications and Networks, 2015. [7] Lu Zhang, Lin Zou, and Hongji Yang, “An Approach to Constructing A General Framework for Creative Computing: Incorporating Semantic Web,” International Symposium on Creative Computing, 2016. [8] Hongji Yang, Delin Jing, and Lu Zhang, “Creative Computing: An Approach to Knowledge Combination for Creativity?” The 10th IEEE SOSE Symposium, 2016. II Acknowledgements Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to express my most sincere thanks to my first supervisor Professor Hongji Yang. As a tremendous mentor, you help me to explore myself and find my own way of doing the research. You are always so illuminative, patient, and kind to guide me through various difficulties. As an amiable elder, you can always calm me and encourage me to be happy, confident, and strong. It is you that broaden my horizon and lead me into a new world. Secondly, I would like to thank my second supervisor Professor Andrew Hugill. I gain a lot of crucial inspirations from you. You can always enlighten me when I encounter problems. You help me from different aspect and offer me various kinds of opportunities to enhance myself. Thirdly, I would like to thank my third supervisor Dr. Jerry Fishenden. You help me a lot on how to mix the theories with practice. You can always give me valuable suggestions based on your own experience, such as encouraging me to learn by doing. Fourthly, I would like to thank the Graduate School Office of Bath Spa University for your kind help and good management. Finally, I would like to thank my dear family for their love and support. My father, Wanjun Zhang, can always give me valuable suggestions on both study and life. My mother, Xiuzhi Liu, always gives me meticulous care and reminds me to take care of myself when they are not around, which always makes me feel warm and happy. Without your love and support, I cannot go so far. III Abstract Abstract Human creativity needs improvement in contemporary society. Because of the fast development and pervasive utilisation, computing has been a loyal servant to support human creativity. It is not only utilised to facilitate creativity research, but also leveraged to assist creative activities in everyday life. However, due to increasingly complicated human life and ever-evolving nature of computing, up to now, people have never stopped exploring the great potentials of computing to facilitate human creativity. As a result, various kinds of new concepts of computing are continuously emerging dedicating to making contributions for human creativity. Creative Computing is one of the promising ones. Its most important advantage is inspiring a novel approach to facilitating human creativity. By making computing itself become creative, the services supplied by Creative Computing can be more active and better reconcile the contradiction between subjective creativity and objective computing. Instead of imitating or duplicating human creativity, the core idea of Creative Computing is to leverage the uniting power of knowledge to tackle problems in computing field to facilitate human creativity. My research aims to consolidate Creative Computing as a knowledge discipline to facilitate its development. As Creative Computing is a new field, several important issues are required to be studied. First things first are the fundamental issues. In order to do that, my research devotes to proposing kind of framework of Creative Computing by consolidating it as a knowledge discipline. Various crucial elements of Creative Computing will be studied and described in the thesis. It is hoped that the results of my research can be able to provide valuable suggestions for the following researchers of Creative Computing. IV List of Figures List of Figures Figure 1. Relationship between Computing and other Fields .................................... 26 Figure 2. Computing and Creative Computing .......................................................... 35 Figure 3. Scope of Creative Computing ..................................................................... 36 Figure 4. Definition of Knowledge ............................................................................ 48 Figure 5. Abstraction Levels of Creative Computing ................................................ 57 Figure 6. Horizontal (Left) and Vertical (Right) Perspectives ................................... 58 Figure 7. Corollaries Level of Creative Computing ................................................... 60 Figure 8. Semantic Web Layer-Cake ......................................................................... 62 Figure 9. Model-View-Controller Architecture ......................................................... 64 Figure 10. An Overview of the General Framework of Creative Computing ........... 65 Figure 11. Concept of Clinamen ................................................................................ 71 Figure 12. Hierarchy of DIKW .................................................................................. 78 Figure 13. Three Perspectives of Where to Stimulate Human Creativity .................. 80 Figure 14. Abstraction Levels of Human Mind ......................................................... 81 Figure 15. Three Perspectives of Creative Stimulation of Human Creativity ........... 84 Figure 16. Pataphysical Operation of Creative Computing ....................................... 86 Figure 17. Two Approaches to Deviating .................................................................. 87 Figure 18. Pataphysical Manipulation of Relationship (Left) and Concept (Right) .. 88 Figure 19. Meaningfully Pataphysical Operation of Creative Computing ................ 90 Figure 20. Three Perspectives of Validating Creative Computing ............................ 91 Figure 21. Home Page of Deviator ............................................................................ 97 Figure 22. Input of ChangeLetterDeviation: Big ....................................................... 99 Figure 23. Output of ChangeLetterDeviation: Big .................................................. 100 Figure 24. Input of AddLetterDeviation: Apple ...................................................... 101 Figure 25. Output of AddLetterDeviation: Apple .................................................... 101 Figure 26. Input of SubtractLetterDeviation: Orange .............................................. 102 Figure 27. Output of SubtractLetterDeviation: Orange ........................................... 103 Figure 28. Input of FunctionDeviation: Book Site ................................................... 113 Figure 29. Output of FunctionDeviation: Book Site ................................................ 113 Figure 30. Details in DBpedia: Holderness Inn ....................................................... 114 V List of Figures Figure 31. Input of FunctionDeviation: Corsham Court .........................................