teliko.qxd 11/2/2007 20:32 Page 1 UNIVERSITY OF CRETE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY OTTOMAN RULE AND THE BALKANS, 1760-1850 AND RULE OTTOMAN The papers in this volume come from a conference entitled ‘The Ottoman CONFLICT, TRANSFORMATION, ADAPTATION TRANSFORMATION, CONFLICT, Empire and the Rise of Balkan Nationalisms, 1789-1832: Conflict, Transfor- mation, Adaptation’, which was organised by the Department of History and Archaeology of the University of Crete and held in Rethymno, Greece, on 13-14 December 2003. The aim of the conference was to investigate various aspects of the process of de-legitimisation of Ottoman rule in the Balkans in OTTOMAN RULE AND THE BALKANS, 1760-1850 the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries up to and including the CONFLICT, TRANSFORMATION, ADAPTATION Greek Revolution. Proceedings of an international conference held in Rethymno, Greece, 13-14 December 2003 Edited by Antonis Anastasopoulos and Elias Kolovos The conference and the publication of this volume were kindly supported by: THE J.F. UNIVERSITY OF CRETE COSTOPOULOS DEPARTMENT FOUNDATION OF HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY Rethymno 2007 eisagogikes-periexomena-d1.qxd 11/2/2007 21:39 Page iii OTTOMAN RULE AND THE BALKANS, 1760-1850: CONFLICT, TRANSFORMATION, ADAPTATION eisagogikes-periexomena-d1.qxd 11/2/2007 21:39 Page v OTTOMAN RULE AND THE BALKANS, 1760-1850: CONFLICT, TRANSFORMATION, ADAPTATION Proceedings of an international conference held in Rethymno, Greece, 13-14 December 2003 Edited by Antonis Anastasopoulos and Elias Kolovos University of Crete – Department of History and Archaeology Rethymno 2007 eisagogikes-periexomena-d1.qxd 22/3/2007 15:26 Page vi Text editing: Geoffrey Cox Layout: Elias Gratsias ([email protected]) The Ottoman Rule and the Balkans, 1760-1850: Conflict, Transformation, Adaptation was first published in 2007 by the Department of History and Archaeology of the University of Crete, 741 00 Rethymno, Greece. Fax: +30 2831077338. E-mail: [email protected]. http://www.history-archaeology.uoc.gr This volume is not for sale. © University of Crete – Department of History and Archaeology, 2007 This publication is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, in any form, without the prior permission of the publishing institution. ISBN 978-960-88394-4-1 eisagogikes-periexomena-d1.qxd 22/3/2007 15:32 Page vii CONTENTS Preface ix Abbreviations – Note on transliteration xiii Part I: The Ottoman Balkans around 1800 GERGANA GEORGIEVA, Administrative structure and government of Rumelia in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries: the functions and activities of the vali of Rumelia 3 VIOREL PANAITE, Wallachia and Moldavia from the Ottoman juridical and political viewpoint, 1774-1829 21 ANTONIS ANASTASOPOULOS, Karaferye (Veroia) in the 1790s: how much can the kadé sicilleri tell us? 45 DIMITRIS DIMITROPOULOS, Aspects of the working of the fiscal machinery in the areas ruled by Ali Pa[a61 ROSSITSA GRADEVA, Secession and revolution in the Ottoman Empire at the end of the eighteenth century: Osman Pazvanto$lu and Rhigas Velestinlis 73 RACHIDA TLILI SELLAOUTI, La France révolutionnaire et les populations musulmanes de la Turquie d’Europe au moment de l’expédition d’Egypte : une mise à l’épreuve du cosmopolitisme 95 Part II: The case of the Peloponnese ANNA VLACHOPOULOU, Like the Mafia? The Ottoman military presence in the Morea in the eighteenth century 123 MARTHA PYLIA, Conflits politiques et comportements des primats chrétiens en Morée, avant la guerre de l’indépendance 137 DEMETRIOS STAMATOPOULOS, Constantinople in the Peloponnese: the case of the Dragoman of the Morea Georgios Wallerianos and some aspects of the revolutionary process 149 eisagogikes-periexomena-d1.qxd 22/3/2007 15:33 Page viii viii CONTENTS Part III: The Greek Revolution PANAGIOTIS STATHIS, From klephts and armatoloi to revolutionaries 167 CHRISTINE PHILLIOU, Breaking the Tetrarchia and saving the kaymakam: to be an ambitious Ottoman Christian in 1821 181 CHRISTOS LOUKOS, Some suggestions for a bolder incorporation of studies of the Greek Revolution of 1821 into their Ottoman context 195 VASSILIS DIMITRIADIS, Conflicts of interests in Crete, between local Muslims and the central government in Istanbul during the Greek War of Independence, 1821-28 205 HAKAN ERDEM, “Perfidious Albanians” and “zealous governors”: Ottomans, Albanians, and Turks in the Greek War of Independence 213 Part IV: Epilogue ¨EDOMIR ANTIć, The formative years of the Principality of Serbia (1804-56): Ottoman influences 243 CENG_Z KIRLI, Balkan nationalisms and the Ottoman Empire: views from Istanbul streets 249 eisagogikes-periexomena-d1.qxd 11/2/2007 21:39 Page ix PREFACE The papers in this volume come from a conference entitled ‘The Ottoman Empire and the Rise of Balkan Nationalisms, 1789-1832: Conflict, Transformation, Adaptation’. It was organised by the Department of History and Archaeology of the University of Crete, and was held in Rethy- mno, Greece, on 13-14 December 2003. The aim of the conference was to investigate various aspects of the process of de-legitimi- sation of Ottoman rule in the Balkans in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries up to and including the Greek Revolution of 1821. Thus, in the volume which resulted from the con- ference, particular emphasis has been placed on two interrelated themes which share the exami- nation of conditions in the Balkan provinces of the Ottoman Empire as their background. The first theme has two aspects: one is agents, instances and acts of defiance or weakening of the Ottoman central control, and the other is the disaffection of provincial societies and their elites with Istanbul and its representatives. In this context, it is interesting to note that such phe- nomena were not single-handedly identified with particular religious or ethnic groups; on the other hand, it is also important to consider what the nature, extent, and implications of disaffe- ction were, and, more specifically, if there was widespread discontent with Ottoman rule at the popular level and, if yes, of what kind, or if this was restricted to elite groups as part of power games which in the short term did not challenge Ottoman authority as such, but aimed at incre- asing one’s personal and family power and wealth. The second theme is the emergence of aspirations for secession from the Ottoman Empire and formation of nation-states among the peoples of the Balkan peninsula, and their impact on the region. The Greek Revolution1 is often highlighted as the culmination of this aspect of de- 1 We refrained from imposing one single term for what is by different authors in this volume called the ‘Greek Revolution of 1821’, the ‘Greek War of Independence’, the ‘Greek Revolt’, or the ‘Greek Rebellion’, as we be- lieve that the terms as such are indicative of the various interpretations and ideological/methodological stances towards this event. For a discussion of terms, see Christine Philliou’s paper in this volume. eisagogikes-periexomena-d1.qxd 11/2/2007 21:39 Page x x PREFACE legitimisation in the pre-Tanzimat period, but it cannot be examined in isolation from the bro- ader phenomena which had characterised the political, economic, and social life of the Balkans in the half century prior to its outbreak, nor can it be dissociated from a more general discus- sion of the pace and ramifications of the spread of nationalism and other ideological currents in the region at around the turn of the nineteenth century. Thus, it is only reasonable that a third theme which runs through the volume is methodolo- gical considerations, especially the limitations that have been imposed by national and nationa- listic historiographies on the study of the Balkans in the Ottoman period. It is our modest hope that this volume will contribute towards raising issues and suggesting new research vistas for a crucial, but not adequately studied, period of the history of south-ea- stern Europe on the road to breaking away from the imperial Ottoman polity towards the for- mation of national states. * The six papers, of which the first part of the volume is composed, explore conditions in the Balkans just before or around the turn of the nineteenth century. Gergana Georgieva focuses on the office of the governor (vali) of Rumelia in the late eighteenth and the first third of the nineteenth century, and points to several indicators of the weakening of central-state authori- ty in the Balkans in that period; one of them and a symbolically important one is, in her vi- ew, the decline of Sofia, historic seat of the governor of Rumelia, in favour of Manast5r. Vio- rel Panaite, on the other hand, examines the juridical and political status of Wallachia and Moldavia within the Ottoman Empire, and suggests that the best term to describe it is as ‘tributary-protected provinces/principalities’, while he argues that Russian interference in the affairs of the two principalities from the 1770s onwards allowed the local nobility to increa- se their political autonomy from the Porte. Returning to the southern Balkans, Antonis Ana- stasopoulos studies the impact of the Nizam-5 Cedid reforms and ‘Greek Enlightenment’ on the district of Karaferye in the 1790s, and suggests that more interaction between ‘Ottoma- nist’ and ‘national Balkan’ historiographic traditions and approaches is a prerequisite to bet- ter understanding conditions in the late-eighteenth-century Balkans. Dimitris Dimitropoulos then turns our attention to Tepedelenli Ali Pa[a of Yanya, and the fiscal management