The Summa Halensis Veröffentlichungen des Grabmann-Institutes zur Erforschung der mittelalterlichen Theologie und Philosophie Münchener Universitätsschriften Katholisch-Theologische Fakultät Founded by Michael Schmaus †, Werner Dettloff † and Richard Heinzmann Continued in collaboration with Ulrich Horst Edited by Isabelle Mandrella and Martin Thurner Volume 66 The Summa Halensis Doctrines and Debates Edited by Lydia Schumacher ISBN 978-3-11-068495-7 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-068500-8 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-068508-4 ISSN 0580-2091 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial NoDerivatives 4.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licens-es/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; Detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2020 Lydia Schumacher, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com Acknowledgements This volume contains some of the proceeds of aseries of conferences held in 2018 which receivedfunding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the Euro- pean Union’sHorizon 2020 researchand innovation programme (grant agreement 714427: ‘Authority and Innovation in EarlyFranciscan Thought’). The conferences wereheld in TrinityCollegeand All Soul’sCollege, Oxford, and I am grateful to the staff at these colleges for providinguswith such exceptional hos- pitality and the right environment for discussion and debate. Iamespeciallygrateful Dr Simon Maria Kopf, Research Assistantonthe ERC project,who devoted an extraordinary amount of time and energy to ensuring the orderliness and consistency of the volumes.Inparticular, he carefullychecked and supplemented references in the footnotes.Iowe him ahugedebt of gratitude for his investment in the project and willingly acknowledge that all faults that mayremain in the text are my responsibility.Iam deeplygrateful also to Dr Mark Lee for joining us at the end of this project to check the consistency of formatting in the main bodyofthe text,and to Frazer MacDiarmid, who did asuperb job pre- paring the index.This volume would not exist in its current formwithoutthe work of these three scholars. OpenAccess. ©2020 Lydia Schumacher,published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative CommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110685008-001 Contents Simon MariaKopf and Lydia Schumacher AGuide to Citing the Summa Halensis IX LydiaSchumacher The Summa Halensis: Doctrines and Debates Introduction 1 Part 1: Theologyand Philosophical Theology Antoine Côté The Summa Halensis on Whether Universaland Particular AreSaid of God 11 Jacob W. Wood Forgingthe Analogy of Being John of La Rochelle’s De divinis nominibus (Trier,Abtei St. Matthias, 162) and the Summa Halensis on Knowing and Naming God 31 LydiaSchumacher The Proof foraNecessary Existent in the Summa Halensis 59 Franklin T. Harkins Defusing Theological Dynamite Predestination and Divine Love in the Summa Halensis 73 Corey L. Barnes Providence and Causality in the Summa Halensis 89 Boyd TaylorCoolman The Comprehensive Trinitarianism of the Summa Halensis 107 Justus H. Hunter The Contribution of the Summa Halensis to the Reason forthe Incarnation 141 Theo Kobusch The Summa Halensis Towards aNew Concept of ‘Person’ 153 VIII Contents VincentL.Strand, SJ The Ontology of GraceofAlexander of Hales and John of La Rochelle 171 John Marenbon Idolaters, Philosophers andanElusive Jew The Problem of Paganisminthe Summa Halensis 193 Part 2: Moraland Sacramental Theology SilvanaVecchio (trans. Hilary Siddons) Passions and Sins The Summa Halensis and John of La Rochelle 211 Riccardo Saccenti From ‘Lex aeterna’ to the ‘leges addictae’ John of La Rochelleand the Summa Halensis 227 Riccardo Saccenti Beyond the Positive Law The Oath and VowasaTheological Matter Between the 12th and Early 13th Centuries 251 Ian Christopher Levy Contrition, Confession, and the Power of the Keys in the Summa Halensis 275 Marcia L. Colish The Eucharist in Early Franciscan Tradition 303 Timothy J. Johnson Place, Person, and Prayer in the Summa Halensis Reflections on Franciscan Identity in the mid 13th Century 325 MaryBeth Ingham, CSJ The Sanctification of Mary SummaHalensis andthe status quaestionis prior to William of Ware and John Duns Scotus 343 AuthorBiographies 359 Index 363 Simon Maria Kopf and Lydia Schumacher AGuide to Citingthe Summa Halensis When citing the Quaracchi edition of the Franciscan Fathers, we suggest and use in this volume the following form as astandardized wayofciting the Summa Halensis: Alexander of Hales, Doctoris irrefragabilis Alexandri de Hales Ordinisminorum Summa theologica (SH), 4vols (Quaracchi: Collegium S. Bonaventurae, 1924–48),VolIII, In2, Tr2, S2,Q1, Ti1,C7, Ar3,Pr1, Pa2 (n. 162),Solutio, p. 179. The relevant text divisions of the Quaracchiedition include, in the following order: Vol— Volume (tomus) P— Part (pars) In— Inquiry (inquisitio) Tr— Tract (tractatus) S— Section (sectio) Q— Question (quaestio) Ti— Title (titulus) D— Distinction (distinctio) M— Member (membrum) C— Chapter (caput) Ar— Article (articulus) Pr— Problem(problema) Pa— Particle (particula) (n[n].)— Paragraph number[s] Afurther specification of the thus determined entity (to be cited as giveninthe edi- tion) might,atthis point,include: [arg.]— Objections Respondeo/Solutio— Answer (Sed) Contra— On the Contrary Ad obiecta— Answers to Objections p[p]— Pagenumber[s]. The second instance of citation should read as follows (includingall relevant text di- visions): SH III, In2, Tr2, S2,Q1, Ti1, C7,Ar3,Pr1,Pa2 (n. 162),Solutio, p. 179. OpenAccess. ©2020 Lydia Schumacher,published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative CommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110685008-002 X Simon Maria Kopf and Lydia Schumacher Note thataccordingtoour proposal the number after SH indicatesthe volume num- ber (tomus)ofthe Quaracchi edition—and not the book (liber)ofthe Summa Halensis. Hence SH Irefers to Book 1, SH II to Book 2.1, SH III to Book 2.2, and SH IV to Book 3, respectively.The unedited Book 4, which is not part of the Quaracchi edition, will be cited, with referencetothe respective edition, as SH Bk IV. Where it would not lead to confusion, ashorthand could be used for furtherci- tations: SH III (n. 162),p.179. Please note that all translations of the Summa Halensis and other textsbelong to the author,unless otherwise noted. Lydia Schumacher The Summa Halensis: Doctrines and Debates Introduction The Franciscan intellectual tradition as it developed before Bonaventure, and above all, Duns Scotus,has not been the subjectofmuch scholarlyattention over the years. By most accounts, Bonaventure’sforebears,and even Bonaventure himself, worked primarilytosystematize the intellectual tradition of Augustine that had prevailed for most of the earlier Middle Ages.¹ In contrast, Scotus is supposed to have broken with past precedent to develop innovative philosophical and theological positions that anticipated the rise of modern thought.Thus, Scotus and his successors have been the focus of manystudies, while his predecessors are deemed largely insignificant for the further history of thought.² This volume and another that accompanies it will make acasefor the innovative- ness of earlyFranciscan thought,which the editor has alsoadvanced elsewhere.³ The contributions are based on proceedings from four conferences which wereheld over the course of 2018 and sponsored by the European Research Council. While these conferences concerned the earlyFranciscan tradition in general, their more specific focus was the so-called Summa Halensis, amassive text that was collaboratively authored by the founding members of the Franciscan school at Paris between 1236 and 1245, in an attempt to laydown adistinctlyFranciscan intellectual tradition for the very first time. Although some final additions to the text were made in 1255–6, the Summawas mostly composed during the second quarterofthe thir- teenth centuryand thus within the first 50 years of the existenceofthe University of Paris, which was founded around 1200 and served as the centre for theological studyatthe time. In countless respects,itlaid the foundation for the further devel- opment of the Franciscan intellectual tradition. The need for atext like the Summa was precipitated in part by the rapid growth of the Franciscan order—from 12 members in 1209 to as manyas20,000 by 1250—the Ignatius Brady, ‘The Summa Theologica of Alexander of Hales (1924–1948),’ Archivum Francisca- num Historicum 70 (1977): 437– 47;Étienne Gilson, ThePhilosophy of St Bonaventure (Chicago:Fran- ciscan Press, 1965). See also A.-M. Hamelin, L’école franciscaine de ses débuts jusqu’àl’occamisme, Analecta mediaevalia Namurcensia, 12 (Louvain: Nauwelaerts, 1961); Christopher Cullen, Bonaventure (Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 2006). Olivier Boulnois, Être et representation: Une généalogie de la métaphysique moderne àl’époquede Duns Scot (Paris:PressesUniversitaires de France,1999); Ludger Honnefelder, Scientia transcendens: Die formale Bestimmung der Seiendheit und Realität in der Metaphysik des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit (Hamburg: Felix Meiner,1990). The accompanyingedited volume is published by De Gruyter under the title, TheSumma Halensis: Sources and Context. See also Lydia Schumacher,