Comp. by: DKandavel Stage : Revises1 ChapterID: 9781405149235_4_FM Date:3/3/ 09 Time:12:21:58 Filepath:H:/00_Blackwell/00_3B2/Griffin_9781405149235/appln/3B2/ 9781405149235_4_FM.3d A COMPANION TO JULIUS CAESAR Edited by Miriam Griffin A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication Comp. by: GBalasubramanian Stage : Revises1 ChapterID: 9781405149235_6_index Date:3/3/09 Time:17:36:46 Filepath:H:/00_Blackwell/00_3B2/Griffin_9781405149235/ appln/3B2/9781405149235_6_index.3d Comp. by: DKandavel Stage : Revises1 ChapterID: 9781405149235_4_FM Date:3/3/ 09 Time:12:21:57 Filepath:H:/00_Blackwell/00_3B2/Griffin_9781405149235/appln/3B2/ 9781405149235_4_FM.3d Publisher's Note: Permission to reproduce this image online was not granted by the copyright holder. Readers are kindly requested to refer to the printed v ersion of this chapter. Portrait of Caesar, Turin, Museo Archeologico. Photo Deutsches Archa¨ologisches Institut, Rome. Comp. by: DKandavel Stage : Revises1 ChapterID: 9781405149235_4_FM Date:3/3/ 09 Time:12:21:58 Filepath:H:/00_Blackwell/00_3B2/Griffin_9781405149235/appln/3B2/ 9781405149235_4_FM.3d BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO THE ANCIENT WORLD This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of periods of ancient history, genres of classical literature, and the most important themes in ancient culture. Each volume comprises between twenty-five and forty concise essays written by individual scholars within their area of specialization. The essays are written in a clear, provocative, and lively manner, designed for an international audience of scholars, students, and general readers. ANCIENT HISTORY A Companion to Greek and Roman A Companion to the Roman Army Historiography Edited by Paul Erdkamp Edited by John Marincola A Companion to the Roman Republic A Companion to Catullus Edited by Nathan Rosenstein and Robert Edited by Marilyn B. 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Balot Comp. by: DKandavel Stage : Revises1 ChapterID: 9781405149235_4_FM Date:3/3/ 09 Time:12:21:58 Filepath:H:/00_Blackwell/00_3B2/Griffin_9781405149235/appln/3B2/ 9781405149235_4_FM.3d A COMPANION TO JULIUS CAESAR Edited by Miriam Griffin A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication Comp. by: DKandavel Stage : Revises1 ChapterID: 9781405149235_4_FM Date:3/3/ 09 Time:12:21:58 Filepath:H:/00_Blackwell/00_3B2/Griffin_9781405149235/appln/3B2/ 9781405149235_4_FM.3d This edition first published 2009 # 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of Miriam Griffin to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. 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If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to Julius Caesar/edited by Miriam Griffin. p. cm. – (Blackwell companions to the ancient world) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-4923-5 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Caesar, Julius. 2. Generals–Rome–Biography. 3. Heads of state–Rome–Biography. 4. Rome–History–Republic, 265–30 B.C. I. Griffin, Miriam T. (Miriam Tamara) DG261.C76 2009 937’.02092–dc22 [B] 2008046983 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 10/12.5 pt Galliard by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in the United Kingdom 01 2009 Comp. by: DKandavel Stage : Revises1 ChapterID: 9781405149235_4_FM Date:3/3/ 09 Time:12:22:00 Filepath:H:/00_Blackwell/00_3B2/Griffin_9781405149235/appln/3B2/ 9781405149235_4_FM.3d Contents List of Figures viii Notes on Contributors x Preface xvi Reference Works: Abbreviated Titles xviii 1 Introduction 1 Part I Biography: Narrative 9 2 From the Iulii to Caesar 11 Ernst Badian 3 Caesar as a Politician 23 Erich S. Gruen 4 The Proconsular Years: Politics at a Distance 37 John T. Ramsey 5 The Dictator 57 Jane F. Gardner 6 The Assassination 72 Andrew Lintott Part II Biography: Themes 83 7 General and Imperialist 85 Nathan Rosenstein 8 Caesar and Religion 100 David Wardle Comp. by: DKandavel Stage : Revises1 ChapterID: 9781405149235_4_FM Date:3/3/ 09 Time:12:22:00 Filepath:H:/00_Blackwell/00_3B2/Griffin_9781405149235/appln/3B2/ 9781405149235_4_FM.3d vi Contents 9 Friends, Associates, and Wives 112 Catherine Steel 10 Caesar the Man 126 Jeremy Paterson 11 Caesar as an Intellectual 141 Elaine Fantham Part III Caesar’s Extant Writings 157 12 Bellum Gallicum 159 Christina S. Kraus 13 Bellum Civile 175 Kurt Raaflaub 14 The Continuators: Soldiering On 192 Ronald Cluett Part IV Caesar’s Reputation at Rome 207 15 Caesar’s Political and Military Legacy to the Roman Emperors 209 Barbara Levick 16 Augustan and Tiberian Literature 224 Mark Toher 17 Neronian Literature: Seneca and Lucan 239 Matthew Leigh 18 The First Biographers: Plutarch and Suetonius 252 Christopher Pelling 19 The Roman Historians after Livy 267 Luke Pitcher 20 The First Emperor: The View of Late Antiquity 277 Timothy Barnes 21 The Irritating Statues and Contradictory Portraits of Julius Caesar 288 Paul Zanker Part V Caesar’s Place in History 315 22 The Middle Ages 317 Almut Suerbaum 23 Empire, Eloquence, and Military Genius: Renaissance Italy 335 Martin McLaughlin 24 Some Renaissance Caesars 356 Carol Clark Comp. by: DKandavel Stage : Revises1 ChapterID: 9781405149235_4_FM Date:3/3/ 09 Time:12:22:00 Filepath:H:/00_Blackwell/00_3B2/Griffin_9781405149235/appln/3B2/ 9781405149235_4_FM.3d Contents vii 25 Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar and the Dramatic Tradition 371 Julia Griffin 26 The Enlightenment 399 Thomas Biskup 27 Caesar and the Two Napoleons 410 Claude Nicolet 28 Republicanism, Caesarism, and Political Change 418 Nicholas Cole 29 Caesar for Communists and Fascists 431 Luciano Canfora 30 A Twenty-First-Century Caesar 441 Maria Wyke Bibliography 456 Index 492 Comp. by: DKandavel Stage : Revises1 ChapterID: 9781405149235_4_FM Date:3/3/ 09 Time:12:22:00 Filepath:H:/00_Blackwell/00_3B2/Griffin_9781405149235/appln/3B2/ 9781405149235_4_FM.3d List of Figures 2.1 Denarius of Sex. Iulius Caesar, 129 BC, alluding to the descent of the Iulii from Venus 12 6.1 Denarius of Brutus IMP., 43–42 BC 73 6.2 Aureus of Octavian, 36 BC ¼ 21.3 81 10.1 Denarius, 44 BC 127 12.1 De Bello Gallico 1.1.1 163 15.1 Sestertius, c. 36 BC ¼ 21.4 211 21.1 Denarius with statue of Octavian, 31 BC or earlier 290 21.2 Denarius of M. Mettius, 44 BC 295 21.3 Aureus of Octavian, 36 BC ¼ 6.2 298 21.4 Sestertius, c. 36 BC ¼ 15.1 299 21.5 Denarius of M. Sanguinius, Rome 17 BC 300 21.6 Denarius of L. Lentulus, 12 BC 300 21.7–8 Portrait of Caesar, Turin, Museo Archeologico 302 21.9 Portrait of Caesar, Woburn Abbey 302 21.10 Portrait of Caesar, Pantelleria 303 21.11 Portrait of Pompeius, Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek 304 21.12 Portrait of M. Crassus, Paris Louvre 305 21.13 Portrait of Calpurnius Piso Pontifex, Naples, Museo Archeologico Nazionale 306 21.14 Portrait bust, Berlin, Staatliche Museen Antikensammlung 307 21.15 Portrait of Caesar, Pisa, Museo del Primaziale 309 21.16 Portrait of Caesar, Musei Vaticani 310 21.17 Statue of Caesar, Rome Palazzo Senatorio 312 21.18 Portrait of Caesar, Naples, Museo Archeologico Nazionale 313 23.1 Julius Caesar founding Florence (detail) 337 23.2 Caesar the military leader at the opening of De Bello Gallico 346 Comp.