T he O b ser v er ’s H a n d b o o k FOR 1938 PUBLISHED BY The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada E d it e d b y C. A. CHANT THIRTIETH YEAR OF PUBLICATION TORONTO 198 C o l l e g e S t r e e t P r in t e d f o r t h e S o c ie t y 1938 1938 CALENDAR 1938 JULIAN DAY CALENDAR, 1938 J. D. 2,420,000 plus the following Jan. 1................ 8900 May 1.................. 9020 Sep. 1..................9143 Feb. 1.................8931 June 1...................9051 Oct. 1..................9173 Mar. 1.................8959 July 1...................9081 Nov. 1.............. ....9204 Apr.......1................ 8990 Aug. 1.................. 9112 Dec. 1..................9234 The Julian Day commences at noon. T he O bserver's H andbook FOR 1938 PUBLISHED BY The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada E d ited by C. A. CHANT THIRTIETH YEAR OF PUBLICATION TORONTO 198 C o l l e g e S t r e e t P r i n t e d f o r t h e S o c ie t y 1938 CONTENTS PAGE Preface - - - 3 Anniversaries and Festivals - - - 3 Symbols and Abbreviations - - - - - 4 Abbreviations for the Constellations - -- 5 Solar and Sidereal Time - - 6 Ephemeris of the Sun - - - 7 Map of Standard Time Zones - - 8 Times of Sunrise and Sunset - - - 9 Planets for the Year - -- 22 Eclipses in 1938 - -- 29 The Sky and Astronomical Phenomena for each Month - 30 Phenomena of Jupiter’s Satellites - - 54 Elements of the Solar System -- 56 Satellites of the Solar System - - - 57 Meteors and Shooting Stars - - - 58 Stars occulted by the Moon - - 59 Double Stars, with a short list - - - 60 Variable Stars, with a short list -- 62 Distances of the Stars - -- 64 The Brightest Stars, their magnitudes, types, proper motions, distances and radial velocities - 66 Messier’s List of Star Clusters and Nebulae - - 74 Four Circular Star Maps . -- 77 Tables of Meteorological Data - cover, iii PREFACE The chief new features of the H a n d b o o k for 1938 are a map illustrating the standard time belts in the United States and Canada and two tables of meteorological data which are printed this year on the third page of the cover. The four small star maps which first appeared in 1937 necessarily contain comparatively few objects. Four circular maps 9 inches in diameter, roughly for the seasons, are obtainable from the Director of University Extension, University of Toronto, for one cent each. Observers desiring fuller information are recommended to obtain Norton’s Star Atlas and Reference Handbook (Gall and Inglis, price 12s 6d; supplied also by Eastern Science Supply Co., Boston). It is now in its sixth edition and is widely used. In the preparation of this volume the Editor has received cordial and generous assistance. He wishes to thank those whose names are mentioned in the text, also Messrs. Gordon Shaw and Robert Peters of the Victoria Centre; but he is under special obligation to Dr. F. S. Hogg and Miss Ruth J. Northcott, M.A., of the David Dunlap Observatory. C.A.C. Richmond Hill, Ont., December 1937. ANNIVERSARIES AND FESTIVALS 1938 New Year’s Day ........... Sat. Jan. 1 Corpus Christi............... Thu. June 16 E piphany........................ Thu. Jan. 6 St. John Baptist (Midsummer Septuagesima Sunday................Feb. 13 D a y ) .......................... Fri. June 24 Quinquagesima (Shrove Dominion Day ...............Fri. July I Sunday)..................................... Feb. 27 Birthday of Queen Elizabeth St. D avid........................ Tue. Mar. 1 (1900)...........................Thu. Aug. 4 Ash Wednesday...........................Mar. 2 Labour D ay ....................Mon. Sept. 5 Quadragesima (First Sunday Hebrew New Year (Rosh in L ent).....................................Mar. 6 H ashana).....................Mon. Sept. 26 St. Patrick......................Thu. Mar. 17 St. Michael (Michaelmas Annunciation (Lady D ay).............................Thu. Sept. 29 D ay)............................ Fri. M ar. 25 All Saints’ D ay ..............Tue. Nov. 1 Palm Sunday................................Apr. 10 Remembrance Day Fri. Nov. 11 Good Friday.................................Apr. 15 First Sunday in Advent Nov. 27 Easter Sunday............................. Apr. 17 St. Andrew......................Wed. Nov. 30 St. George Sat. Apr. 23 Accession King George VI Rogation Sunday........................ M ay 22 (1936)...........................Sun. Dec. 11 Empire Day (Victoria Birthday of King George VI D ay)............................ Tue. May 24 (1895)...........................Wed. Dec. 14 Birthday of the Queen Mother, Christmas Day ..............Sun. Dec. 25 Mary (1867).............. Thu. May 26 Pentecost (Whit Sunday) June 5 Thanksgiving Day, date set by Trinity Sunday........................... June 12 Proclamation SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS SIGNS OF THE ZODIAC SUN, MOON AND PLANETS ASPECTS AND ABBREVIATIONS THE GREEK ALPHABET THE CONFIGURATIONS OF JUPITER’S SATELLITES In the Configurations of Jupiter’s Satellites (pages 29, 31, etc.), O represents the disc of the planet, d signifies that the satellite is on the disc, * signifies that the satellite is behind the disc or in the shadow. Configurations are for an inverting telescope. Andromeda.......................And Andr L ib ra .................................. Lib Libr A n tlia ................................Ant A ntl L upus................................. Lup Lupi A pus...................................Aps Apus L y n x ...................................Lyn Lync A quarius........................... Aqr Aqar L y ra....................................Lyr Lyra A quila................................Aql Aqil M ensa ........................Men Mens A ra .....................................Ara Arae Microscopium...................Mic Micr A ries...................................Ari Arie M onoceros........................ Mon Mono A uriga............................... Aur Auri M usca................................ M us Musc B ootes................................Boo Boot N orm a................................Nor Norm C aelum .............................. Cae Cael O ctans............................... Oct Octn Camelopardalis................Cam Caml O phiuchus.........................Oph Ophi Cancer ................. Cnc Canc O rion................................. Ori Orio Canes Venatici.................CVn CVen Pavo....................................Pav Pavo Canis Major..................... CM a CM aj Pegasus..............................Peg Pegs Canis Minor..................... CMi CMin Perseus..............................Per Pers Capricornus......................Cap Capr Phoenix............................. Phe Phoe C arina................................Car Cari P ictor.................................Pic Pict Cassiopeia......................... Cas Cass Pisces................................. Psc Pisc Centaurus..........................Cen Cent Piscis A ustralis...............PsA PscA Cepheus ................. Cep Ceph Puppis................................Pup Pupp C etus.................................. Cet Ceti P y x is.................................. Pyx Pyxi Cham aeleon......................Cha Cham Reticulum Ret Reti C ircinus...............................Cir Circ S agitta ..................... Sge Sgte C olum ba ..................... Col Colm Sagittarius........................ Sgr Sgtr Coma Berenices............... Com Coma Scorpius.............................Scr Scor Corona Australis CrA CorA Sculptor............................. Scl Scul Corona Borealis............... CrB CorB Scutum .............................. Sct Scut C orvus................................Crv Corv Serpens.............................. Ser Serp C ra te r..................................Crt C rat S extans..............................Sex Sext C rux.....................................Cru Cruc T au ru s............................... Tau T aur C ygnus.............................. Cyg Cygn Telescopium.....................Tel Tele D elphinus...........................Del Dlph Triangulum .......................T ri T ria D orado............................... Dor Dora Triangulum Australe TrA TrAu D raco..................................D ra Drac T u can a ................... Tuc Tucn Equuleus............................Equ Equl Ursa M ajor........................U M a UM aj E ridanus............................. Eri Erid Ursa M inor....................... UM i UMin F o rn ax ................................ For Forn V ela..........................Vel Velr G e m in i.............................Gem Gemi V irgo ........................Vir Virg G ru s.................................... Gru Grus V olans................................Vol Voln H ercules............................. H er H erc V ulpecula.......................... Vul Vulp Horologium........................Hor Horo H y d ra ................................. Hya H yda H yd ru s................................Hyi Hydi The 4-letter abbreviations are in­ Indus .................... Ind Indi tended to be used in cases where a L acerta................................Lac Lacr maximum saving of space is not neces­ L eo .................................Leo Leon sary. Leo M inor..........................LM i LMin From Transactions of the I.A .U ., Lepus................................... Lep Leps Vol. IV., 1932, page 221. SOLAR AND SIDEREAL TIME In practical astronomy three different kinds of time are used, while in ordin­ ary life we use a fourth. 1. Apparent Time—By apparent noon is meant the moment when the sun is on the meridian, and apparent time is measured by the distance in degrees that the